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Search results for: BAR EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE
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Elastic wave propagation for condition assessment of steel bar embedded in mortar
PublicationThis study deals with experimental and numerical investigations of elastic wave propagation in steel bars partially embedded in mortar. The bars with different bonding lengths were tested. Two types of damage were considered: damage of the steel bar and damage of the mortar. Longitudinal waves were excited by a piezoelectric actuator and a vibrometer was used to non-contact measurements of velocity signals. Numerical calculations...
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Deterioration and Protection of Concrete Elements Embedded in Contaminated Soil: A Review
PublicationCoating materials are considered one of the most antique materials of human civilization; they have been used for decoration and the protection of surfaces for millennia. Concrete structures—due to their permanent exposure to different types of environments and contaminants—require the use of coatings that contribute to its preservation by reducing the corrosion of its components (steel and aggregates). This article intends to...
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Effect of a characteristic length on crack spacing in a reinforced concrete bar under tension
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Effect of a characteristic length on crack spacing in a reinforced concrete bar under tension.
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono wyniki numerycznej obliczenia rozstawu rys w pręcie żelbetowym poddanemu rozciąganiu. Obliczenia wykonano przy zastosowaniu sprężysto-plastycznego modelu rozszerzonego o długość charakterystyczna mikrostruktury przy pomocy teorii nielokalnej.
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DETECTION OF DEBONDING IN STEEL BARS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE USING GUIDED WAVE PROPAGATION
PublicationThe paper presents a non-destructive diagnostic technique based on guided wave propagation phenomenon used to assess the adhesive bonding between a steel bar and a concrete cover. Double-layered cylindrical specimens with different levels of debonding and its location were investigated. The influence of bonding length on the excitation of multiple modes of longitudinal guided waves was analysed. Numerical simulations of guided...
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Acoustic emission signals in concrete beams under 3-point bending (plain concrete, steel fibre reinforced concrete, steel bar reinforced concrete)
Open Research DataThe DataSet contains the results of the mechanical behaviour of concrete beams with dimensions 40 x 40 x 160 cm3under the 3-point bending. Two concrete mixes, both based on the same design, were produced in the test programme. Mixture #1 was the plain concrete (PC), consisting of cement CEM I 42.5R (380 kg/m3), water (165 kg/m3), aggregate 0/2 mm (648...
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Comparative study on fracture evolution in steel fibre and bar reinforced concrete beams using acoustic emission and digital image correlation techniques
PublicationIn recent decades, the demand for sustainable construction practices has increased, but raw materials such as reinforcing steel remain scarce. Therefore, steel fibres have emerged as a popular and sustainable choice in the construction industry, offering a cost-effective alternative to traditional steel bar reinforcement for both flatwork and elevated structures. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare the performance...
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Guided waves for nondestructive diagnostics of embedded waveguides
PublicationThe thesis concentrates on comprehensive theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis of guided wave propagation in bars embedded in concrete or mortar. The investigations are focused on a particular type of objects representing a laboratory model of a ground anchor. Complex description of wave propagation phenomena in partially embedded bars is given and its application in...
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Experimental-Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Bar Diameter on Bond in Pull-Out Test
PublicationBar diameter is one of the basic factors affecting bond behavior, which is still of interest due to opposing opinions regarding its effect on bond behavior in the pull-out test. This paper presents an experimental and numerical bond analysis of ribbed reinforcing bar in concrete. The aim was to experimentally evaluate the effect of bar diameter on the bond behavior in the pull-out test and to perform numerical simulations of the...
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A magnetic stir bar sorbent of metal organic frameworks, carbon foam decorated zinc oxide and cryogel to enrich and extract parabens and bisphenols from food samples
PublicationA porous composite magnetic stir bar adsorbent was fabricated for the extraction and enrichment of parabens and bisphenols from selected beverage samples. The adsorbent comprised a metal organic framework, carbon foam decorated zinc oxide and magnetic nanoparticles embedded in polyvinyl alcohol cryogel. The porous composite stir bar adsorbent could adsorb parabens and bisphenols via hydrogen bonding, π-π and hydrophobic interactions....
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Debonding Detection in Reinforced Concrete Beams with the Use of Guided Wave Propagation
PublicationOne of the most frequent damage of the reinforced concrete structures is debonding between steel bar and concrete cover. In the case of debonding occurrence not only the strength of the structure decreases, but also it is more vulnerable to corrosion damages. For this reason fast and effective methods of debonding detection in an early stage of its development need a significant boost. The paper presents analytical and experimental...
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A novel formulation of 3D spectral element for wave propagation in reinforced concrete
PublicationThe paper deals with numerical simulations of wave propagation in reinforced concrete for damage detection purposes. A novel formulation of a 3D spectral element was proposed. The reinforcement modelled as the truss spectral element was embedded in the 3D solid spectral finite element. Numerical simulations have been conducted on cuboid concrete specimens reinforced with two steel bars. Different degradation models were considered...
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Non-Destructive Assessment of Masonry Pillars using Ultrasonic Tomography
PublicationIn this paper, a condition assessment of masonry pillars is presented. Non-destructive tests were performed on an intact pillar as well as three pillars with internal inclusions in the form of a hole, a steel bar grouted by gypsum mortar, and a steel bar grouted by cement mortar. The inspection utilized ultrasonic stress waves and the reconstruction of the velocity distribution was performed by means of computed tomography. The...
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A 95-Year-Old Concrete Arch Bridge: From Materials Characterization to Structural Analysis
PublicationThe structural analysis of a 95-year-old concrete arch bridge located in Jagodnik (Poland) is performed in this paper, in order to check its behavior under today’s traffic loads. The mechanical properties of both the concrete and the reinforcement are investigated by testing cores and bar stubs extracted from the bridge. Structural analysis confirms that the bridge meets today’s load requirements in terms of bearing capacity, serviceability...
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Debonding Size Estimation in Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Guided Wave-Based Method
PublicationThe following paper presents the results of the theoretical and experimental analysis of the influence of debonding size on guided wave propagation in reinforced concrete beams. The main aim of the paper is a development of a novel, baseline-free method for determining the total area of debonding between steel rebar embedded in a concrete cover on the basis of the average wave velocity or the time of flight. The correctness of...
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Prediction of cast-in-place concrete strength of the extradosed bridge deck based on temperature monitoring and numerical simulations
PublicationThe work is devoted to the implementation of a monitoring system for high performance concrete embedded in the span of an extradosed bridge deck using a modified maturity method augmented by numerical simulations conducted by the authors’ FEM code. The paper presents all research stages of bridge construction and considers the conclusions drawn from the results of laboratory tests, field measurements, and numerical calculations....
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Fracture simulations in concrete beam under bending using a mesoscopic model with cohesive elements
PublicationThe main aim of this paper was to investigate a complex fracture process in a concrete beam subjected to 3-point bending test by means of the 2D meso-scale FEM with 4-node cohesive elements embedded in the initial mesh of 3-node solid elements. The material heterogeneity was taken into account by considering 3 different phases (aggregate, cement matrix, ITZs) on the basis of randomly generated internal structure of concrete and...
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Shear fracture of longitudinally reinforced concrete beams under bending using Digital Image Correlation and FE simulations with concrete micro-structure based on X-ray micro-computed tomography images
PublicationThe paper presents experimental and numerical investigations of the shear fracture in rectangular concrete beams longitudinally reinforced with steel or basalt bar under quasi-static three point bending. Shear fracture process zone formation and development on the surface of beams was investigated by Digital Image Correlation (DIC) whereas thorough analyses of 3D material micro-structure, air voids, width and curvature of shear...
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Influence of effective width of flange on calculation and reinforcement dimensioning of beam of reinforced concrete frame
PublicationThe paper analyses the influence of modelling the cross-section of a beam in two-storey reinforced concrete frame of industrial warehouse with dimensions: 18.0 m × 32.0 m using bar elements on the results of bending moments, the value of elastic deflection and the dimensioning of reinforcement due to bending. Six options were considered: a beam as a rectangular section and five T-beam variants with different definitions of effective...
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3-D finite-difference time-domain modelling of ground penetrating radar for identification of rebars in complex reinforced concrete structures
PublicationThis paper presents numerical and experimental investigations to identify reinforcing bars using the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method. A novel element of the paper is the inspection of different arrangements of reinforcement bars. Two particular problems, i.e. detection of few adjacent transverse bars and detection of a longitudinal bar located over or under transverse reinforcement, have been raised. An attention was also...
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Mechanical and fracture properties of concrete reinforced with recycled and industrial steel fibers using Digital Image Correlation technique and X-ray micro computed tomography
PublicationPaper presents investigation of fracture phenomenon in plain concrete and in concrete reinforced with both recycled steel fibers (RSF) and industrial steel fibers (ISF). The wedge splitting test (WST), which enables stable crack propagation for quasi-brittle materials, was carried out on 75 75 75 mm cube samples. Initially, fracture process zone development was investigated only on the surface of samples using Digital Image Correlation...
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Investigations on fracture in reinforced concrete beams in 3-point bending using continuous micro-CT scanning
PublicationThis study explores a fracture process in rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) beams subjected to quasi-static three-point bending. RC beams were short and long with included longitudinal reinforcement in the form of a steel or basalt bar. The ratio of the shear span to the effective depth was 1.5 and 0.75. The focus was on the load–deflection diagram and crack formation. Three-dimensional (3D) analyses of the size and distribution...
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Analiza doświadczalna wpływu długości zakotwienia pręta na zachowanie przyczepności w teście pull-out
PublicationArtykuł prezentuje badania przyczepności przeprowadzone przy użyciu testu pull-out. Eksperymenty miały na celu ocenę wpływu długości zakotwienia na przyczepność w tym teście. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że długość styku pręt-beton znacząco wpływa na zachowanie przyczepności. Określa ona typ zniszczenia połączenia, wpływa na rozkład i wartość naprężeń w pręcie oraz rzutuje na przebieg krzywej przyczepność-poślizg, która jest...
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Monitoring system of the road embankment
PublicationThe paper presents the monitoring system of the embankment supported on concrete columns and overlaid by a load transfer platform (LTP) with the embedded steel grid. This field investigation was to study the complex inter-action between the columns, the LTP layer, and steel reinforcement via full-scale in situ measurements during erection of the embankment. The study was focused on the behaviour of steel reinforcement and the behaviour...
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MONITORING SYSTEM OF THE ROAD EMBANKMENT
PublicationThe paper presents the analysis of the monitoring system of the embankment supported on concrete columns and overlaid by a load transfer platform with the embedded steel grid. This field investigation was to study the complex interaction among the columns, the load transfer platform layer, and steel grid via in situ measurements during erection and live loading of the embankment. The study was focused on the behaviour of steel...
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Analiza numeryczna wpływu długości zakotwienia pręta na zachowanie przyczepności w teście pull-out
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono symulacje numeryczne testu pull-out w programie ABAQUS. Symulacje miały na celu ocenienie wpływu długości zakotwienia pręta żebrowanego na przyczepność w tym teście, opierając się na wynikach przeprowadzonych eksperymentów. Interakcję pręta z betonem odwzorowano za pomocą kohezyjnej powierzchni kontaktu, wykorzystując skalibrowane krzywe przyczepność-poślizg, otrzymane z doświadczeń wykonanych w ramach...
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Schemat powstawania rys na przykładzie osiowo rozciąganego pręta żelbetowego
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono w sposób schematyczny ideę powstawania kolejnych rys w konstrukcjach żelbetowych na przykładzie osiowo rozciąganego pręta. Opisano początkowy oraz końcowy stan zarysowania. Wyprowadzono wzór na szerokość rysy. Przedstawiono interpretację geometryczną rys dla fazy początkowego zarysowania oraz efekt tension stiffening na przykładzie elementu osiowo rozciąganego. Przedstawiono przykładowe obliczenia miary...
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GPR investigation of the strengthening system of a historic masonry tower
PublicationIn this paper the condition assessment of the strengthening system of a masonry tower was carried out by the GPR method. The study provided unique experimental data acquired during measurements of the reinforced concrete frame embedded in masonry walls. Conducted numerical and experimental investigations were focused on the phenomenon of the diffraction-refraction scattering of the electromagnetic energy. A hyperbola resulting...
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FEM simulations applied to the failure analysis of RC structure under the influence of municipal sewage pressure
PublicationThe paper discusses a failure mechanism of reinforced concrete (RC) structure with steel cover that failed under the influence of municipal sewage pressure. To explain the reasons of failure, in-situ measurements, laboratory experiments and comprehensive Finite Element Method (FEM) computations were performed. Non-destructive in-situ scanning tests were carried out to determine quantity and cover thickness of embedded reinforcement...
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Soil-structure interaction effects on modal parameters of office buildings with different number of stories
PublicationThe paper summarizes the results of a numerical investigation designed to study the soil-structure interaction effects on modal parameters of three office buildings. The reinforced-concrete 4-storey, 8-storey, and 12-storey office buildings, each with additional two levels of embedded basements, represent low, medium, and high-rise structures, respectively. In order to conduct this research, detailed finite-element structure models...
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Sundials of St Mary’s Church in Gdańsk / Zegary słoneczne kościoła pw. Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Panny Marii w Gdańsku
PublicationThe paper presents contemporary research evidence of form, function and history of the sundials of St Mary’s Church in Gdańsk. The discussed sundials are located on the southern wall of the church transept. The sundial, which is believed to be made by Lorenzo Zachau in 1533, is placed on the west side of the western window, at the edge of the wall. The face of this sundial is separated by a horizontal line into two parts. The upper...
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Screw displacement pile shaft deformations measured by vibrating wire and fiber optic systems during a static load test
PublicationThis paper describes a full scale static load test performed on a 400 mm diameter screw displacement pile equipped with four different strain measuring systems. Three types of vibrating wire strain gauges (VWSG) were used: global - retrievable, local attached to steel pipe and local concrete embedded. The fourth system was distributed fiber optic sensors based on Rayleigh back scattering (DFOS) - three in the pile cross section....
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Complex Concrete Structures (CE) - 2021/2022
e-Learning CoursesThe following issues in the field of concrete structures will be discussed in the lecture part: Mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcing steel; Calculation of reinforced concrete cross-sections bending; Calculation of reinforced concrete cross-sections shear; Serviceability limit state in reinforced concrete structures; Reinforced concrete slabs, one-way and cross-reinforced; Reinforced concrete stairs; Reinforced...
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Complex Concrete Structures (CE) - 2023/2024
e-Learning CoursesThe following issues in the field of concrete structures will be discussed in the lecture part: Mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcing steel; Calculation of reinforced concrete cross-sections bending; Calculation of reinforced concrete cross-sections shear; Serviceability limit state in reinforced concrete structures; Reinforced concrete slabs, one-way and cross-reinforced; Reinforced concrete stairs; Reinforced...
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Computers and Concrete
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Flexoelectricity and apparent piezoelectricity of a pantographic micro-bar
PublicationWe discuss a homogenized model of a pantographic bar considering flexoelectricity. A pantographic bar consists of relatively stiff small bars connected by small soft flexoelectric pivots. As a result, an elongation of the bar relates almost to the torsion of pivots. Taking into account their flexoelectric properties we find the corresponding electric polarization. As a results, the homogenized pantographic bar demonstrates piezoelectric...
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Truss imperfections in the design of bar and diaphragm bracing systems
PublicationIn the article three variants of roof bracing were considered: bar bracing, diaphragm bracing and the combination of bar and diaphragm bracing. Different analytical and numerical ways of taking into account the imperfections of the truss girder were compared. The entire 3D model of the roof (shell and beam elements with the eccentricities taken into account) was analysed numerically. Selected stressed-skin aspects were considered....
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EXPERIENCE-ORIENTED SMART EMBEDDED SYSTEM
PublicationThe Experience-Oriented Smart Embedded System (EOSES) is proposed as a new technological platform providing a common knowledge management approach that allows mass embedded systems for experiential knowledge capturing, storage, involving, and sharing. Knowledge in the EOSES is represented as SOEKS, and organized as Decisional DNA. The platform is mainly based on conceptual principles from Embedded Systems and Knowledge Management....
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Modelling and analysis of beam/bar structure by application of bond graphs
PublicationThe paper presents an uniform, port-based approach to modelling of beam/bar systems (trusses). Port-based model of such distributed parameter system has been defined by application of the bond graph methodology and the distributed transfer function method (DTFM). The proposed method of modelling enables to formulate input data for computer analysis by application of the DTFM. The constructed computational package enables the frequency...
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Remote sensing and photogrammetry techniques in diagnostics of concrete structures
PublicationRecently laser scanning technologies become widely used in many areas of the modern economy. In the following paper authors show a potential spectrum of use Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) in diagnostics of reinforced concrete elements. Based on modes of failure analysis of reinforcement concrete beam authors describe downsides and advantages of adaptation of terrestrial laser scanning to this purpose, moreover reveal under which...
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Corrosion behavior of concrete produced with diatomite and zeolite exposed to chlorides
PublicationChloride induced reinforcement corrosion is widely accepted to be the most frequent mechanism causing premature degradation of reinforced concrete structures. The electrochemical impedance of reinforcing steel in diatomite- and zeolite-containing concrete exposed to sodium chloride was assessed. Chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of three concrete samples (20% diatomite, 20% zeolite, and a reference containing neither)...
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Test Design Patterns for Embedded Systems,
PublicationTest suites for embedded systems are typically created from scratch using dif- ferent, often inadequate methods. In consequence, industry branches dealing with software-intensive embedded systems have to cope with quality problems, even though test processes are particularly time-consuming and costly. Based on an evolving model-based testing methodology we introduce test design patterns for simplifying and accelerating...
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Systematic Test Data Generation for Embedded Software
PublicationSystematic Test Data Generation for Embedded Software
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Smart Embedded Systems with Decisional DNA Knowledge Representation
PublicationEmbedded systems have been in use since the 1970s. For most of their history embedded systems were seen simply as small computers designed to accomplish one or a few dedicated functions; and they were usually working under limited resources i.e. limited computing power, limited memories, and limited energy sources. As such, embedded systems have not drawn much attention from researchers, especially from those in the artificial...
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Embedded Systems Architecture 2024
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Pronouncement of embedded agency in the field of social entrepreneurship
PublicationThe paper provides insights into how social entrepreneurship and the institutional theory framework can be combined. The author situates the social entrepreneurship phenomenon here, and embarks on the traditional structure vs agency debate from social sciences, sociology of organizations in particular. The concept of embedded agency is referred to and employed to explain the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship. In this paper,...
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Service-based Resilience for Embedded IoT Networks
PublicationEmbedded IoT networks are the backbone of safety-critical systems like smart factories, autonomous vehicles, and airplanes. Therefore, resilience against failures and attacks should be a prior concern already in their design stage. In this study, we introduce a service-based network model as an MILP optimization problem for the efficient deployment of a service overlay to the embedded network by meeting QoS and resilience requirements....
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Concrete Operators
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Modelling reinforced concrete beams under mixed shear-tension failure with different continuous FE approaches
PublicationThe paper presents quasi-static numerical simulations of the behaviour of short reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement under mixed shear-tension failure using the FEM and four various constitutive continuum models for concrete. First, an isotropic elasto-plastic model with a Drucker-Prager criterion defined in compression and with a Rankine criterion defined in tension was used. Next, an anisotropic smeared crack...
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Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Vehicular Crashes into Three-Bar Metal Bridge Rail
PublicationAdvanced finite element (FE) modeling and simulations were performed on vehicular crashes into a three-bar metal bridge rail (TMBR). The FE models of a sedan, a pickup truck, and a TMBR section were adopted in the crash simulations subject to Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) Test Level 2 (TL-2) and Test Level 3 (TL-3) requirements. The test vehicle models were first validated using full-scale physical crash tests conducted...