Filtry
wszystkich: 3700
wybranych: 2796
-
Katalog
- Publikacje 2796 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Czasopisma 115 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Konferencje 19 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Osoby 72 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Projekty 4 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Kursy Online 43 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Wydarzenia 5 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
- Dane Badawcze 646 wyników po odfiltrowaniu
Filtry wybranego katalogu
wyświetlamy 1000 najlepszych wyników Pomoc
Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: blinking pattern
-
Do mistakes acceptance foster innovation? Polish and US cross-country study of tacit knowledge sharing in IT
PublikacjaAbstract Purpose – This study aims to understand and compare how the mechanism of innovative processes in the information technology (IT) industry – the most innovative industry worldwide – is shaped in Poland and the USA in terms of tacit knowledge awareness and sharing driven by a culture of knowledge and learning, composed of a learning climate and mistake acceptance. Design/methodology/approach – Study samples were drawn from...
-
Balancing energy consumption in limited power grid with active front-end and three phase dual active bridge system
PublikacjaPaper deals with simulation analysis of bidirectional power converters system for charging station of electric vehicle in condition of limited power source in city infrastructure. In case of incapability to provide additional power supply through the grid by virtue of historical, architectural and economic reasons it is possible to solve this issue by implementation of mobile battery-powered supply source. The proposed bidirectional...
-
Study of Aliphatic Polyurethanes by the Low-Field 1H NMR Relaxometry Method with the Inversion of the Integral Transformation
PublikacjaIn this paper, the distributions of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times are used to characterize the mobility of different sections of macromolecules of aliphatic polyurethanes and the cross-linking density of polymer chains. The NMR relaxometry method with inversion of integral transformation is applied to study the effect of poly (ethylene glycol) and glycerol phosphate calcium...
-
Trends shaping innovations in the aerosol market
PublikacjaNew hygiene regimes and sustainability commitments are helping to shape the aerosol market. Norbert Piotrowski of Aerosol Service Poland explains the thinking behind the company’s latest hygiene innovations.
-
In vitro affinity of Deinococcus radiodurans MutS towards mismatched DNA exceeds that of its orthologues from Escherichia coli and Thermus thermophilus
PublikacjaThe mismatch binding protein MutS is responsible for the recognition of mispaired and unpaired bases, which is the initial step in DNA repair. Among the MutS proteins most extensively studied in vitro are those derived from Thermus thermophilus, Thermus aquaticus and Escherichia coli. Here, we present the first report on the in vitro examination of DNA mismatch binding activity of MutS protein from Deinococcus radiodurans and confront...
-
Optimization of Chemical Functionalities of Indole-2-carboxamides To Improve Allosteric Parameters for the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1)
Publikacja5-Chloro-3-ethyl-N-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide (1; ORG27569) is a prototypical allosteric modulator for the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1). Here, we reveal key structural requirements of indole-2-carboxamides for allosteric modulation of CB1: a critical chain length at the C3-position, an electron withdrawing group at the C5-position, the length of the linker between the amide bond and the phenyl ring...
-
Air flow phenomena in the model of the blind drift
PublikacjaIn the presented paper, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has been used to investigate flow pattern and turbulent structure in the model of blind drift. The presented model exist in mining, and has been analyzed to resolve ventilation issues. Blind region is particularly susceptible to unsafe methane accumulation. The measurement system allows us to evaluate all components of the velocity vector in channel cross-section simultaneously....
-
Influence of Dielectric Overlay Dimensions on Performance of Miniaturized ESPAR Antenna
PublikacjaIn this paper, the influence of dielectric overlay size on miniaturized ESPAR antenna performance has been investigated. The dielectric overlay’s main function is antenna’s size reduction but it can also be used to modify its radiation pattern. This creates the possibility of easy adopting antenna parameters to different applications by swapping used overlay. In particular, the lowering of antenna’s main beam elevation direction...
-
Technological substitution in Asia
PublikacjaThis book provides extensive evidence on information and communication technologies development diffusion patterns, unveils specific ‘network effects’ that enhance rapid spread of ICT, and detect major macroeconomic determinants of this process, across 36 Asian economies over the period 1980-2015. Moreover, this research traces country-specific patterns of the unique process. We consider two types of technological substitution,...
-
Searching for Solvents with an Increased Carbon Dioxide Solubility Using Multivariate Statistics
PublikacjaIonic liquids (ILs) are used in various fields of chemistry. One of them is CO2 capture, a process that is quite well described. The solubility of CO2 in ILs can be used as a model to investigate gas absorption processes. The aim is to find the relationships between the solubility of CO2 and other variables—physicochemical properties and parameters related to greenness. In this study, 12 variables are used to describe a dataset...
-
Data set generation at novel test-rig for validation of numerical models for modeling granular flows
PublikacjaSignificant effort has been exerted on developing fast and reliable numerical models for modeling particulate flow; this is challenging owing to the complexity of such flows. To achieve this, reliable and high-quality experimental data are required for model development and validation. This study presents the design of a novel test-rig that allows the visualization and measurement of particle flow patterns during the collision...
-
Fatigue and burnout in police officers: the mediating role of emotions
PublikacjaPurpose – The policing profession is associated with psychosocial hazard. Fatigue and burnout often affect police officers, and may impair the functioning of the organization and public safety. The relationship between fatigue and burnout may be modified by job-related emotions. While negative emotions have been extensively studied, the role of positive emotions at work is relatively less known. Additionally, there is insufficient...
-
Justification of quasi-stationary approximation in models of gene expression of a self-regulating protein
PublikacjaWe analyse a model of Hes1 gene transcription and protein synthesis with a negative feedback loop. The effect of multiple binding sites in the Hes1 promoter as well as the dimer formation process are taken into account. We consider three, possibly different, time scales connected with: (i) the process of binding to/dissolving from a binding site, (ii) formation and dissociation of dimers, (iii) production and degradation of Hes1...
-
Towards β-selectivity in functional estrogen receptor antagonists
PublikacjaBased on the benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]furan and benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene frameworks, a series of ligands with different basic side chains (BSCs) has been synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated. Also, their binding modes have been modelled using docking techniques. It was found that the introduction of a BSC in these systems brings about a decrease of affinity for both estrogen receptors α and β in an in vitro competitive...
-
Novel Coplanar-Strip-Based Excitation Technique for Design of Broadband Circularly Polarization Antennas with Wide 3-dB Axial Ratio Beamwidth
PublikacjaIn this paper, a novel excitation technique for design of a single-point-fed compact low-profile wide-slot antennas with broadband circular polarization (CP) and wide 3 dB axial ratio (AR) beamwidth is presented. Two inverted L-shape parasitic strips placed coplanar to the microstrip line of an asymmetric CPW, and a horizontal strip that protrudes from the vertical edge of the backside ground plane of the substrate are used for...
-
Design and Experimental Validation of a Metamaterial-Based Sensor for Microwave Imaging in Breast, Lung, and Brain Cancer Detection
PublikacjaThis study proposes an innovative geometry of a microstrip sensor for high-resolution microwave imaging (MWI). The main intended application of the sensor is early detection of breast, lung, and brain cancer. The proposed design consists of a microstrip patch antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide with a metamaterial layer-based lens implemented on the back side, and an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) realized on as a separate...
-
Detection of Alzheimer's disease using Otsu thresholding with tunicate swarm algorithm and deep belief network
PublikacjaIntroduction: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disorder characterized by cognitive and memory dysfunctions. The early detection of AD is necessary to reduce the mortality rate through slowing down its progression. The prevention and detection of AD is the emerging research topic for many researchers. The structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) is an extensively used imaging technique in detection of AD, because...
-
Earthquake–induced pounding on response of adjacent structures in series: experimental and numerical study
PublikacjaPounding between structures in series during earthquakes may cause serious damage in the structur-al elements. The aim of this paper is to show the results of an experimental and numerical study that is focused on pounding between more than two structures which may be called "structures in series". In this study, the shaking table experiments, as well as the numerical analyses, were performed using three tower models including...
-
Soft skills among academics: Five theoretically informed lessons for current times
PublikacjaRESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive examination of the role of soft skills among academics in the context of the evolving higher-education landscape. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: We use a scoping review of existing literature to discuss the importance of soft skills in academia. Through critical analysis and synthesis, we identify patterns and gaps in current knowledge and develop five...
-
Seasonal changes of mercury speciation in the coastal sediments
PublikacjaPurpose Mercury speciation in sediments is linked to environmental conditions and processes. Domination of particular mercury species depends on its source, displays considerable seasonal behavior, and may be further modified due to oxygen levels, icing conditions, or the input of fresh organic matter. The purpose of this study was to examine the coastal area of the Gulf of Gdańsk in terms of mercury contamination and the influence...
-
Reactions of R2P-P(SiMe3)2 with [(R'3P)2PtCl2]. Syntheses and Structures of [μ2-(1,2:2-η-P2){Pt(PEt3)2}2{Pt(PEt3)2Cl}]+Cl-, [{(Et2PhP)2Pt}2P2], [{(p-Tol3P)2Pt}2P2] and [(p-Tol3P)ClPt(μ-PPh2)2Pt(p-Tol3P)Cl]
PublikacjaReakcje difosfanów R2P-P(SiMe3)2 z [(R'3P)2PtCl2] są bardzo złożone. Główną ścieżką reakcji jest rozszczepienie wiązania P-P w startowym R2P-P(SiMe3)2, po czym następuje utworzenie kompleksu zawierającego P2: [{(R'3P)2Pt}2P2] oraz difosfanu R2P-PR2. Produkty reakcji (zarówno główne jak i uboczne), zostały scharakteryzowane na podstawie spektroskopii 31P NMR. Dla czterech tytułowych związków wykonano rentgenowską analizę strukturalną...
-
Reactions of R<sub>2</sub>P-P(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)Li with [(R'<sub>3</sub>P)<sub>2</sub>PtCl<sub>2</sub>]. A General and Efficient Entrance to Phosphanylphosphinidene Complexes of Platinum. Syntheses and Structures of [(η<sub>2</sub>-P=P<sup>i</sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>)Pt(p-Tol<sub>3</sub>P)<sub>2</sub>], [(η<sub>2</sub>-P=P<sup>t</sup>Bu<sub>2</sub>)Pt(p-Tol<sub>3</sub>P)<sub>2</sub>], [{η<sub>2</sub>-P=P(N<sup>i</sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>)2}Pt(p-Tol<sub>3</sub>P)<sub>2</sub>] and [{(Et<sub>2</sub>PhP)<sub>2</sub>Pt}<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>].
PublikacjaReakcje pochodnych litowych difosfanów R2P-P(SiMe3)Li z (R'3P)2PtCl2 zachodzą łatwo i prowadzą do wytworzenia bocznie (side-on) związanych fosfanofosfinidenowych kompleksów platyny [(η2-P=PR2)Pt(PR'3)2] (dla R=tBu, iPr, Et2N, iPr2N). Reakcja Ph2P-P(SiMe3)Li...
-
Bis(ć-di-tert-butylphosphido)bis[(triethylphospine)palladium(I)](Pd-Pd). A-cta Crist. Sec. E [online]**2003 vol. 59 [dostęp 31 May 2003] s. 376-377, 1 rys. 1 tab. bibliogr. 13 poz. Dost. w Intern. http://journals.iucr.org/e.Bis(ć-di-tert-butylphosphido)bis[(triethylphospine)palladium(I)](Pd-Pd).
PublikacjaBis.... powstaje w reakcji di-tert-butylfosfino-fosfanylideno-ĺ4-fosforanu zchlorkiem di-trietylofosfinopalladu(II) w obecności naftalidku sodu. Krystalizuje w grupie przestrzennej P1.
-
Modelling gene expression of a self-regulating protein
PublikacjaWe analyze a model of gene transcription and protein synthesis. We take into account the number of sites on the protein’s promoter at which the protein’s dimers can bind blocking transcription of protein mRNA.
-
Innovative system for energy collection and management integrated within a photovoltaic module
PublikacjaThe dynamic development of battery technology and design based on the flow of lithium ions, mainly driven by the needs of the automotive industry, leads to the conclusion that these batteries are becoming a more viable alternative to traditional lead-acid batteries. Their use is driven by the ability to quickly charge and discharge, a higher durability, maintenance-free operation, much smaller dimensions and lighter weight. The...
-
Etyka marketingu - czy marketing jest etyczny?
PublikacjaOd jakiegoś czasu pojawiają się krytyczne głosy wobec marketingu, jako działań nieetycznych, wycelowanych przeciwko klientom i społeczeństwu jako całości. Można stwierdzić, że wizerunek marketingu jest w tym kontekście negatywny. Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie czy marketing jest etyczny. Stwierdzono, że istotą marketingu jest dbanie o dobro interesariuszy przedsiębiorstw oraz łączenie interesu firmy, klientów...
-
Determination of long-chain aldehydes using a novel quartz crystal microbalance sensor based on a biomimetic peptide
PublikacjaThere is an increasingly popular trend aimed at improvement of fundamental metrological parameters of sensors via implementation of materials mimicking biological olfactory systems. This study presents investigation on usefulness of the peptide mimicking HarmOBP7 region as a receptor element of the piezoelectric sensor for selective analysis of long-chain aldehydes. Identification of odorant binding proteins creates new possibilities...
-
Determination of the ionic conductivity of Sr-doped lanthanum manganite by modified Hebb–Wagner technique
PublikacjaThe Hebb–Wagne rpolarization method with the electron blocking electrode has been discussed in this paper in aim to determine a partial ionic conductivity of Sr-doped lanthanum manganite.The “limiting current” in the proposed system was measured using the two-point DC technique with additional Pt electrode between LSM and blocking electrode.The electrochemical model based on bulk diffusion processes and Boltzmann statistics has...
-
Quantum randomness protected against detection loophole attacks
PublikacjaDevice and semi-device-independent private quantum randomness generators are crucial for applications requiring private randomness. However, they are vulnerable to detection inefficiency attacks and this limits severely their usage for practical purposes. Here, we present a method for protecting semi-device-independent private quantum randomness generators in prepare-and-measure scenarios against detection inefficiency attacks....
-
Selection of AHI + SC Hybrid Storage Based on Mathematical Models and Load Variation Characteristics
PublikacjaThe article deals with the design of a hybrid storage consisting of Aqueous Hybrid Ion battery (AHI) and supercapacitor (SC) modules. The selection of components is based on the knowledge of the load profile of the storage and the AHI battery and supercapacitor models. The paper presents the method of selecting components of the storage made of AHI batteries and supercapacitor modules The article includes an example of the hybrid...
-
Reactive Sintering of Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Modified by a Trans-Polyoctenamer Rubber and Curing Additives
PublikacjaThe proposed method of ground tire rubber (GTR) utilization involves the application of trans-polyoctenamer rubber (TOR), a commercially available waste rubber modifier. The idea was to investigate the influence of various curing additives (sulfur, N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), dibenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS) and di-(2-ethyl)hexylphosphorylpolysulfide (SDT)) on curing characteristics, physico-mechanical, thermal,...
-
Maillard-reaction (glycation) of biopolymeric packaging films; principles, mechanisms, food applications
PublikacjaBackground The biodegradable, biocompatible, sustainable, and renewable nature of biomaterials has led to increased interest in developing biopolymeric food packaging films (BFPFs) with green ingredients and strategies. To enhance the performance of these films, biopolymer molecules can be modified or combined with additives like nanomaterials, cross-linkers, bioactive compounds, and other polymers, particularly with Maillard-reaction...
-
Smart Email - Almost an Agent Platform
PublikacjaNetwork organizations suffer today of information overload and strain that rise their operational costs. One of the reasons of that is the dominance of email messaging as the princi-pal means of document exchange between their workers. Proac-tive documents can rationalize these costs and augment email systems with a process view based on collaboration patterns.
-
Simulating coherent light propagation in a random scattering materials using the perturbation expansion
PublikacjaMultiple scattering of a coherent light plays important role in the optical metrology. Probably the most important phenomenon caused by multiple scattering are the speckle patterns present in every optical imaging method based on coherent or partially coherent light illumination. In many cases the speckle patterns are considered as an undesired noise. However, they were found useful in various subsurface imaging methods such as...
-
Information and Communication Technologies for Economic Development
PublikacjaThis chapter is intended to explain why and how information and communication technologies may affect the process of socio-economic development, especially with regard to economically backward economies. It sheds light on why technological changes constitute prerequisites enabling advancements along the socio-economic development pattern. It is also designed to exhibit the special relevance of information and communication technologies...
-
Techniques of acquiring additional features of the responses of individual gas sensors
PublikacjaGas sensors usually exhibit lack of selectivity, require fre quent calibration, exhibit drift of the response and a lot of factors, such as humidity or ambient temperature, influen ce their performance. Different approaches can be used to overcome this shortcomings. Building arrays of different sensors and usage of pattern recognition methods to analyze responses of elements...
-
Surrogate modeling of impedance matching transformers by means of variable‐fidelity electromagnetic simulations and nested cokriging
PublikacjaAccurate performance evaluation of microwave components can be carried out using full‐wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation tools, routinely employed for circuit verification but also in the design process itself. Unfortunately, the computational cost of EM‐driven design may be high. This is especially pertinent to tasks entailing considerable number of simulations (eg, parametric optimization, statistical analysis). A possible...
-
Fecal indicators resistance to antimicrobial agents present in municipal wastewater
PublikacjaIn this study removal rate of six antimicrobial compounds (belonging to folate pathway inhibitors and macrolides class) was analyzed in processes of local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) together with susceptibility patterns of erythromycin (E) resistant Enterococcus spp. and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) resistant Escherichia coli. According to the obtained data, six of tested antimicrobial agents, namely erythromycin,...
-
Silence/noise detection for speech and music signals
PublikacjaThis paper introduces a novel off-line algorithm for silence/noise detection in noisy signals. The main concept of the proposed algorithm is to provide noise patterns for further signals processing i.e. noise reduction for speech enhancement. The algorithm is based on frequency domain characteristics of signals. The examples of different types of noisy signals are presented.
-
[Chapter] 22. Application of physical modeling to study combustion process-es and flow patterns in large-scale boilers and furmaces. W: Optical me- thods and data processing in heat and fluid flow. Ed. C. Greated, J. Cos-grove, J.M. Buick. Bury St. Edmunds. London: Profess. Eng. Publ.**2002 s. 267-277, 4 rys. bibliogr. 6 poz. Zastosowanie modelowania fizycznego do badania procesów spalania pola prze- pływu w przemysłowych kotłach i piecach.
PublikacjaRozdział zawiera wyniki badań modelowania fizycznego dwuwymiarowego i trój-wymiarowego pola przepływu i procesów spalania w wybranych urządzeniachprzemysłowych.
-
The Sustainable Link - the Haze of the Past in the Future
PublikacjaThe aim of the topic is to explore the site by focusing on historical elements and life cycle thinking. The history and sustainability will thereby be the core approach and method during the ongoing design process. These themes will encourage the interdisciplinary and iterative design process.
-
PROBLEMY ZWIĄZANE Z ZASTOSOWANIEM NANOTECHNOLOGII W TERMOIZOLACJI BUDYNKÓW
PublikacjaBudownictwo i architektura były zawsze ściśle związane z rozwojem technologicznym a ciągły postęp w badaniach nad inżynierią materiałową pozwalał na uzyskiwanie bardziej wydajnych i wytrzymałych materiałów. Dotyczy to nie tylko elementów konstrukcyjnych budynku ale także technologii związanych z jego wykończeniem. Obecnie coraz większą rolę w budownictwie i architekturze odgrywa pojęcie nanotechnologii. Dziedzina nauki, zdawałoby...
-
APPLICATION OF CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS TO THE STUDY OF SNOW AT THE SUDETY MOUNTAINS, POLAND
PublikacjaSnow samples were collected during winter 2011/2012 in three posts in the Western Sudety Mountains (Poland) in 3 consecutive phases of snow cover development, i.e. stabilisation (Feb 1st), growth (Mar 15th) and its ablation (Mar 27th). To maintain a fixed number of samples, each snow profile has been divided into six layers, but hydrochemical indications were made for each 10 cm section of core. The complete data set was subjected...
-
The Changing Nature of In‐Between Spaces in the Transformation Process of Cities
PublikacjaIn the in‐between spaces of cities, there are many problems of various nature and scale: functional, spatial, economic, environmental, visual, and social. There are also some hidden potentials that can be activated. The aim of the article is to explore the possibilities of solving existing problems and to show the possibilities of using the potentials of in‐between spaces with regard to the changing nature of a city. The article,...
-
Technological Capability and Absorptive Capacity Dynamics through Cluster Organizations, In: Sekliuckienė J., Susnienė R. (Eds). AIB-CEE 2019. Book of abstracts (pp. 127), 6th Academy of International Business Central Eastern European (AIB-CEE) chapter annual conference: „International business in the dynamic environment: changes in digitalization, innovation and entrepreneurship”, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania, September 25-27 (eISBN 9786090216378)
PublikacjaThe purpose of the paper is to portrait how members of cluster organizations (COs) perceive the role of clusters in enabling them accumulation of technological capability significant for their innovation. The authors report the findings from the qualitative study based on analysis of four COs from the metal and the highly internationalized ICT industry that concerns the role of knowledge and other cluster benefits in technological...
-
Controlled grafting of vinylic monomers on polyolefins: a robust mathematical modeling approach
PublikacjaExperimental and mathematical modeling analyses were used for controlling melt free-radical grafting of vinylic monomers on polyolefins and, thereby, reducing the disturbance of undesired cross-linking of polyolefins. Response surface, desirability function, and artificial intelligence methodologies were blended to modeling/optimization of grafting reaction in terms of vinylic monomer content, peroxide initiator concentration,...
-
GTR/NBR/Silica Composites Performance Properties as a Function of Curing System: Sulfur versus Peroxides
PublikacjaIn this work, conventional sulfur and two types of organic peroxides (dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB)) curing systems were used to investigate the possibility for tailoring of the performance properties of GTR/NBR blends reinforced with a variable content of highly dispersive silica (0–30 phr). The curing characteristics, static mechanical and acoustical properties, swelling behavior,...
-
Processing, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of GTR Modified by SBS Copolymers
PublikacjaIn this work, ground tire rubber (GTR) was thermo-mechanically treated in the presence of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymers. During preliminary investigation, the effects of different SBS copolymer grades, the variable content of SBS copolymer on the Mooney viscosity, and the thermal and mechanical properties of modified GTR were determined. Subsequently, GTR modified by SBS copolymer and cross-linking agents (sulfur-based...
-
Karaś P., Kochanowicz K., Pitek M., Domański P., Obuchowski I., Tomiczek B., Liberek K.: Evolution towards simplicity in bacterial small heat shock protein system// eLife -, (2023), s.1-21
PublikacjaEvolution can tinker with multi-protein machines and replace them with simpler single-protein systems performing equivalent functions in an equally efficient manner. It is unclear how, on a molecular level, such simplification can arise. With ancestral reconstruction and biochemical analysis, we have traced the evolution of bacterial small heat shock proteins (sHsp), which help to refold proteins from aggregates using either...
-
Evolution towards simplicity in bacterial small heat shock protein system
PublikacjaEvolution can tinker with multi-protein machines and replace them with simpler single-protein systems performing equivalent functions in an equally efficient manner. It is unclear how, on a molecular level, such simplification can arise. With ancestral reconstruction and biochemical analysis, we have traced the evolution of bacterial small heat shock proteins (sHsp), which help to refold proteins from aggregates using either two...