Rok 2014

• Zastosowanie współbieżnej wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej w regeneracji miału gumowego

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • A. Zych
  • M. Formela

  - Tworzywa Sztuczne w Przemyśle - Rok 2014

  Właściwości komercyjnych regeneratów gumowych porównano z właściwościami produktu termomechanicznej regeneracji miału gumowego prowadzonej w skali laboratoryjnej przy użyciu współbieżnej wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej. Scharakteryzowano ekstrakt acetonowy, zawartość frakcji zolu, przebieg wulkanizacji oraz właściwości mechaniczne badanych regeneratów gumowych. Ponadto zbadano powtarzalność procesu regeneracji miału gumowego prowadzonego...

• Wykonanie ekspertyzy dotyczącej określenia właściwości kleju ULTRABOND ECO VS90

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk

  - Rok 2014

  Scharakteryzowano właściwości mechaniczne połączeń klejonych, oraz reologię i skład chemiczny próbek klejów dostarczonych przez Zleceniodawcę.

• Wykonanie badań składu próbek mieszanki gumowej, z której wykonane są urządzenia odbojowe zainstalowane na nabrzeżach Portu Gdańskiego

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk

  - Rok 2014

  Scharakteryzowano właściwości fizyczne, termiczne oraz strukturę chemiczną próbek wulkanizatów gumowych pobranych z odbojnic odbojowe zainstalowanych na nabrzeżach Portu Gdańskiego.

• Wpływ kolejności dozowania surowców oraz sił ścinających na właściwości mieszanin polietylen dużej gęstości/miał gumowy, wytwarzanych przy użyciu współbieżnej wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk

  - Polimery - Rok 2014

  Kompozycje termoplastyczne polietylenu dużej gęstości (PE-HD) z udziałem 50 % mas. miału gumowego (GTR), wytwarzano przy użyciu współbieżnej wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej. Scharakteryzowano wpływ kolejności dozowania surowców oraz sił ścinających generowanych podczas intensywnego mieszania na parametry pracy wytłaczarki, wartości masowego wskaźnika szybkości płynięcia, statyczne właściwości mechaniczne (wytrzymałość na rozciąganie,...

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• Wpływ dodatku regeneratów gumowych na charakterystykę sieciowania oraz właściwości mechaniczne kauczuku butadienowo-styrenowego

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Formela
  • K. Januszewicz

  - Przemysł Chemiczny - Rok 2014

  Przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu regeneratów gumowych otrzymanych w różnych warunkach ścinania na przebieg procesu wulkanizacji oraz statyczne i dynamiczne właściwości mechaniczne wulkanizatów mieszanek kauczuku butadienowo-styrenowego i regeneratu gumowego. Regenerację miału gumowego prowadzono metodą periodyczną przy użyciu walcarki oraz metodą ciągłą z zastosowaniem wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej współbieżnej. W celu poprawy przetwórstwa...

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• Wpływ bezhalogenowych związków zmniejszających palność na strukturę oraz właściwości mechaniczne i termiczne elastycznych pianek poliuretanowych otrzymanych z poliglicerolu

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Piszczyk
  • A. Hejna
  • K. Formela
  • M. Danowska
  • M. Strankowski

  - Przemysł Chemiczny - Rok 2014

  Elastyczne pianki poliuretanowe zostały przygotowane metodą jednostopniową z układu dwukomponentowego o stosunku grup NCO/OH wynoszącym 0.9:1. Pianki poliuretanowe poddano modyfikacji grafitem ekspandowanym oraz jego mieszaniną z fosforowym, bezhalogenowym związkiem zmniejszającym palność o nazwie handlowej Fyrol PNX. Scharakteryzowano statyczne i dynamiczne właściwości mechaniczne, morfologię, właściwości termiczne oraz palność...

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• Use of response surface methodology in characterization of properties of recycled high density polyethylene/ground tire rubber compositions

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Bogucki

  - Polimery - Rok 2014

  Searching for newways to utilize rubber and polymerwaste has been the focus of many studies conducted by research centers and companies worldwide. In this study, the influence of extrusion conditions on the properties of thermoplastic compositions containing post-production recycled high density polyethylene (PE-HD) and ground tire rubber (GTR) at 50:50 mass ratiowas examined. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine...

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• The influence of screw configuration and screw speed of co-rotating twin screw extruder on the properties of products obtained by thermomechanical reclaiming of ground tire rubber

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk

  - Polimery - Rok 2014

  The results of our investigations on the process of continuous thermomechanical reclaiming of ground tire rubber (GTR) carried out using a twin screw extruder are presented.We used a co-rotating twin screw extruder with a special configuration of plasticizing unit, enabling generation of considerable shear forces. The influence of screw configuration and screw speed on breaking of chemical crosslink bonds contained in ground tire...

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• Reclaiming ground tire rubber at low temperatures: benefits and limitations

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk

  - Rok 2014

  Lower extrusion temperatures during rubber reclamation lead to a reduction in toxic degradation products and improve the mechanical properties of vulcanizates, at the expense of reduced processability.

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• Morfologia, w³aoeciwooeci mechaniczne i termiczne elastycznych pianek poliuretanowych modyfikowanych glinokrzemianami warstwowymi

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Piszczyk
  • A. Hejna
  • K. Formela
  • M. Danowska
  • M. Strankowski

  - Polimery - Rok 2014

  Wytwarzane z udzia³em poligliceryny elastyczne pianki poliuretanowe modyfikowano za pomoc¹ montmorylonitu sodowego (bentonitu, MMT), mieszaniny bentonitu i bezhalogenowego fosforoorganicznego zwi¹zku zmniejszaj¹cego palnooeæ (Fyrol PNX) oraz, stanowi¹cego nape³niacz hybrydowy, bentonitu modyfikowanego wykorzystywanym uniepalniaczem. Badano mikrostrukturê, w³aoeciwooeci mechaniczne i termiczne modyfikowanych pianek poliuretanowych....

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Rok 2015

• Zastosowanie metod doświadczalnych w charakterystyce właściwości przetwórczych regeneratów gumowych otrzymywanych w współbieżnej wytłaczarce dwuślimakowej

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Bogucki
  • P. Stączek

  - Polimery - Rok 2015

  Termomechaniczną regenerację miału gumowego (GTR) prowadzono przy użyciu współbieżnej wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej. Zastosowanie metody powierzchni odpowiedzi RSM (ang.: Response Surface Methodology) pozwoliło na scharakteryzowanie wpływu warunków termomechanicznej regeneracji odpadów gumowych (temperatury cylindra wytłaczarki, prędkości obrotowej ślimaków oraz wydajności wytłaczania) na przebieg procesu regeneracji (moment obrotowy)...

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• The emissions of monoaromatic hydrocarbons from small polymeric toys placed in chocolate food products

  Publikacja

  • M. Marć
  • K. Formela
  • M. Klein
  • J. Namieśnik
  • B. Zabiegała

  - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT - Rok 2015

  The article presents findings on the emissions of selected monoaromatic hydrocarbons from children's toys placed in chocolate food products. The emission test system involved the application of a new type of microscale stationary emission chamber, μ-CTE™ 250. In order to determine the type of the applied polymer in the manufacture of the tested toys, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis coupled...

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• Rigid polyurethane foams modified with ground tire rubber - mechanical, morphological and thermal studies

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Piszczyk
  • A. Hejna
  • K. Formela
  • M. Danowska
  • M. Strankowski

  - CELLULAR POLYMERS - Rok 2015

  Rigid polyurethane foams, prepared by a single step method, were modified with the two types of ground tire rubber particles, i.e. untreated and thermo-mechanically reclaimed by using a co-rotating twin screw extruder. The foaming process as well as the structure and the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting foams were investigated. The presence of ground tire rubber decreased the velocity of polymerization....

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• Processing, mechanical and thermal behavior assessments of polycaprolactone/agricultural wastes biocomposites

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • K. Formela
  • M. Saeb

  - INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS - Rok 2015

  In this paper, brewer’s spent grain (BSG) was applied as potential lignocellulose biofiller in biocompos-ites based on polycaprolactone (PCL). The PCL/BSG biocomposites filled with varying content of biofillerswere prepared via low-temperature melt-compounding. These conditions allow limiting thermal degra-dation of used biofillers during processing. The influence of biofiller content (ranging from 25 to 200parts by weight on 100...

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• Polyurethane/ground tire rubber composite foams based on polyglycerol: processing, mechanical and thermal properties

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Piszczyk
  • A. Hejna
  • M. Danowska
  • M. Strankowski
  • K. Formela

  - JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES - Rok 2015

  During the synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams, petrochemical polyol was substituted with polyglycerol, the product of thermo-catalytic polycondensation of waste glycerol, resulting from biodiesel production. Two types of ground tire rubbers, untreated and thermo-mechanically reclaimed, were used to obtain ‘‘green’’ polyurethane-polyglycerol composite foams. Samples were prepared by a single-step method for the ratio of NCO/OH...

• Ocena właściwości przetwórczych, mechanicznych oraz morfologii spienianych kompozytów poliuretanowo-gumowych

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • Ł. Piszczyk
  • K. Formela

  - Materiały Kompozytowe - Rok 2015

  Spienione kompozyty poliuretanowo-gumowe otrzymano metodą jednostopniową z układu dwukomponentowego. Scharakteryzowano właściwości przetwórcze, właściwości mechaniczne oraz morfologię uzyskanych kompozytów. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że wprowadzenie miału gumowego do matrycy poliuretanowej może stanowić bardzo atrakcyjną możliwość wtórnego wykorzystania odpadów gumowych.

Rok 2017

• Wytłaczanie reaktywne jako proekologiczna metoda wytwarzania nowych biodegradowalnych mieszanin i kompozytów polimerowych.

  Publikacja

  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • K. Formela

  - Tworzywa Sztuczne w Przemyśle - Rok 2017

  Biodegradowalne materiały polimerowe stosowane są obecnie w wielu gałęziach przemysłu, stanowiąc przyjazną środowisku alternatywę dla konwencjonalnych tworzyw sztucznych wytwarzanych z paliw kopalnych. Wzrost liczby zagranicznych i krajowych prac badawczo-rozwojowych nad nowymi iodegradowalnymi materiałami polimerowymi potwierdza dynamiczny rozwój tej grupy materiałów. W artykule pokrótce omówiono wybrane przykłady zastosowania...

• Transparent nanocomposite coatings based on epoxy and layered double hydroxide: Nonisothermal cure kinetics and viscoelastic behavior assessments

  Publikacja

  • H. Rastin
  • M. Saeb
  • M. Nonahal
  • M. Shabanian
  • H. Vahabi
  • K. Formela
  • X. Gabrion
  • F. Seidi
  • P. Zarrintaj
  • M. Sari
  • P. Laheurte

  - PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS - Rok 2017

  Layered double hydroxide (LDH) has a particular place in clay family because of its flame retardant action. The nanoplatelet-like structure of LDH makes possible development of polymer composites with cationic or anionic nature structures in which macromolecules are positioned in between nanoplatelet galleries. In this work, neat epoxy and its transparent nanocomposite coatings with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)-modified...

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• To what extent can hyperelastic models make sense the effect of clay surface treatment on the mechanical properties of elastomeric nanocomposites?

  Publikacja

  • S. Paran
  • M. Saeb
  • K. Formela
  • V. Goodarzi
  • P. Vijayan
  • D. Puglia
  • H. Khonakdar
  • S. Thomas

  - MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING - Rok 2017

  The poor knowledge about nonlinear mechanical behavior of elastomer nanocomposites arises from the incomplete information on the interface. Application of hyperelastic models provides more insights into the nature and the situation of interaction between the elastomeric matrix and nanofillers. The current work seeks to address the effect of interphase strength on tensile properties of the elastomer nanocomposites under large deformations....

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• Structural, thermal and physico-mechanical properties of polyurethane/brewers’ spent grain composite foams modified with ground tire rubber

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • A. Hejna
  • Ł. Zedler
  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • J. Ryl
  • M. Saeb
  • Ł. Piszczyk

  - INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS - Rok 2017

  In this work, brewers’ spent grain (BSG) and ground tire rubber (GTR) waste fillers were applied as low-cost reinforcement phase in rigid polyurethane foam (PUR). PUR/BSG/GTR composites were prepared by a single step method, using polyglycerol as partial substitute of commercially available petrochemical polyols. Foaming parameters, chemical structure, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal stability, physico-mechanical properties...

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• Renewable Resources for Polyurethanes and Polyurethane Composites: A Review

  Publikacja

  • J. Haponiuk
  • A. Hejna
  • Ł. Piszczyk
  • J. Datta
  • K. Formela

  - Rok 2017

  Each year, more than two million tons of polyurethane is produced in the EU by reacting isocyanates with polyols made from fossil fuel. In addition, there are appreciable quantities of petroleum based functional additives applied in the industry nowadays for both polyols and polyurethane materials. It is therefore of key importance to develop sustainable economically viable polyols with enhanced functionalities, and thereby reducing...

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• PU Polymers, Their Composites, and Nanocomposites: State of the Art and New Challenges

  Publikacja

  • J. Haponiuk
  • K. Formela

  - Rok 2017

  The chapter is a review of the polyurethane(PU)-based composites and nanocomposites. The chapter details different components in the manufacturing of PU polymers, composites, and nanocomposites. The different types of glycols, isocyanates, and catalysts that are used for the synthesis of different polyurethanes are discussed. The applications and specialties of polyurethane composites and nanocomposites are also elaborated on.

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• Processing, physico-mechanical and thermal properties of reclaimed GTR and NBR/reclaimed GTR blends as function of various additives

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Zedler
  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • M. Klein
  • M. Saeb
  • K. Formela

  - POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY - Rok 2017

  In this work, ground tire rubber (GTR) was mechano-chemically reclaimed in the presence of bitumen and various additives. During studies three types of processing and curing additives: (i) peptizer P300; (ii) vulcanization accelerator tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) and (iii) organic peroxide di(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene (BIB1) were applied to enhance reclaiming of GTR. Reclaiming process was evaluated by oscillating...

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• Performance properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate/brewers’ spent grain foamed composites as function of isocyanate index

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • J. Haponiuk
  • Ł. Piszczyk
  • M. Klein
  • K. Formela

  - E-POLYMERS - Rok 2017

  In the presented work, rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR) foams filled with brewers’ spent grain (BSG) were prepared. The influence of the isocyanate index (II) on its performance was investigated. Foams obtained with higher isocyanate index required a higher amount of hydrofluorocarbon physical blowing agent to provide the same apparent density of material. An increase of isocyanate index resulted in a slight decrease...

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• Modification of thermal and rheological characteristics of bitumen by waste PET/GTR blends

  Publikacja

  • M. Karahrodi
  • O. Jazani
  • S. Paran
  • K. Formela
  • M. Saeb

  - CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS - Rok 2017

  Waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (wPET)/ground tire rubber (GTR) blends with variable compositions were applied as low-cost modifiers into bitumen and their performance has been evaluated via morphological, thermal and rheological analyses. Depending on the weight ratio of wPET/GTR, dispersion of single/composite domains of waste polymers in the bitumen has promoted the interaction between bitumen and blend components. Fourier...

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Rok 2019

• Wykorzystanie technik analitycznych do oceny emisji lotnych związków organicznych uwalnianych z materiałów polimerowych, jako obiecujące rozwiązania w kontroli ich jakości – Część 2

  Publikacja

  • M. Marć
  • J. Namieśnik
  • J. Haponiuk
  • K. Formela

  - Analityka: Nauka i Praktyka - Rok 2019

  W pracy przedstawione zostały informacje na temat najczęściej stosowanych procedur analitycznych opartych na wykorzystaniu techniki analizy fazy nadpowierzchniowej w trybie dynamicznego pobierania próbek analitów do badania emisji związków chemicznych z grupy lotnych związków organicznych. Rozwiązanie to zostało zaproponowane, jako nowego typu podejście do oceny zmian właściwości fizyko-chemicznych materiałów polimerowych zachodzących...

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• Wykorzystanie technik analitycznych do oceny emisji lotnych związków organicznych uwalnianych z materiałów polimerowych, jako obiecujące rozwiązania w kontroli ich jakości – Część 1

  Publikacja

  • M. Marć
  • J. Namieśnik
  • J. Haponiuk
  • K. Formela

  - Analityka: Nauka i Praktyka - Rok 2019

  Dynamiczny wzrost w zakresie wykorzystania szerokiej gamy materiałów polimerowych w produkcji przedmiotów codziennego użytku powoduje, że mogą one znacząco wpływać na rodzaj i ilość związków chemicznych występujących w środowisku zewnętrznym (outdoor), jak i w środowisku wewnętrznym (indoor), takich jak pomieszczenia mieszkalne oraz środowiska pracy (stanowiska pracy). Bardzo istotny wpływ na jakość środowiska wewnętrznego ma...

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• Unconditionally blue: Curing epoxy with polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface-functionalized Zn Fe3-O4 magnetic nanoparticles

  Publikacja

  • M. Jouyandeh
  • S. M. Hamad
  • I. Karimzadeh
  • M. Aghazadeh
  • Z. Karami
  • V. Akbari
  • F. Shammiry
  • K. Formela
  • M. Saeb
  • Z. Ranjbar
  • M. Ganjali

  - PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS - Rok 2019

  Nanoparticles govern early (chemical-controlled) and late (diffusion-controlled) stages of epoxy crosslinking, respectively. Surface functionalization of nanoparticles with macromolecules was recognized as an effective route to compensate for inadequate diffusion-controlled crosslinking. However, the effect of bulk composition amended with cations having catalytic effect towards epoxy ring opening has remained hitherto undescribed....

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• Towards understanding the role of peroxide initiators on compatibilization efficiency of thermoplastic elastomers highly filled with reclaimed GTR

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • M. Klein
  • M. Saeb
  • K. Formela

  - POLYMER TESTING - Rok 2019

  Thermoplastic elastomers based on recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer were highly filled with reclaimed ground tire rubber (RR). The impact of various organic peroxides (dicumyl peroxide (DCP), benzoyl peroxide (BP) and di-tert-butyl peroxide (DB)), applied as free-radical initiators, on the processing, structure and performance properties of rHDPE/SBS/RR blends was investigated....

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• Thermal decomposition kinetics of dynamically vulcanized polyamide 6-acrylonitrile butadiene rubber-halloysite nanotube nanocomposites

  Publikacja

  • S. Paran
  • H. Vahabi
  • M. Jouyandeh
  • F. Ducos
  • K. Formela
  • M. Saeb

  - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE - Rok 2019

  Thermally stable thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites based on polyamide 6 (PA6), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were dynamically vulcanized, and their nonisothermal decomposition kinetics were examined. The Friedman, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Ozawa–Wall–Flynn (FWO), and modified Coats–Redfern (m‐CR) isoconversional models were used to obtain information about the kinetics of the thermal...

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• The Taste of Waste: The Edge of Eggshell Over Calcium Carbonate in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber

  Publikacja

  • E. S. Bhagavatheswaran
  • A. Das
  • H. Rastin
  • H. Saeidi
  • S. H. Jafari
  • H. Vahabi
  • H. Khonakdar
  • K. Formela
  • M. Jouyandeh
  • P. Zarrintaj
  • M. Saeb

  - JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT - Rok 2019

  Rubber technology experiences a new age by the use of biowaste or natural fillers. In this regard, taking properties of reinforcing agents from biowaste fillers remains as the challenging matter. Chicken eggshell (ES) biowaste has recently been introduced to substitute calcium carbonate (CaCO3) duo to its superior properties and low price. In this work, composites based on acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) reinforced with ES...

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• Studies on the Combined Impact of Starch Source and Multiple Processing on Selected Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Blends

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • J. Lenża
  • K. Formela
  • J. Korol

  - JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT - Rok 2019

  Thermoplastic starch (TPS)/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) blends compatibilized with polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) were prepared from various native starches (potato, maize and waxy maize) and subjected to multiple extrusion cycles. Source of starch has significant impact on its composition, hence properties of obtained TPS and their blends with EVA. Higher content of amylopectin in waxy maize starch, comparing to...

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• Structural and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Modified by Various Peroxide Initiators

  Publikacja

  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • A. Hejna
  • J. Haponiuk
  • K. Formela

  - Polymers - Rok 2019

  The modification of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was successfully conducted during reactive processing in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) or di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB). The peroxide initiators were applied in the various amounts of 0.5 or 1.0 pbw (part by weight) into the PCL matrix. The effects of the initiator type and its concentration on the structure and mechanical and thermal properties of PCL were...

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• Reclaimed rubber in-situ grafted with soybean oil as a novel green reactive plasticizer in SBR/silica compounds

  Publikacja

  • A. Hassan
  • K. Formela
  • S. Wang

  - ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering - Rok 2019

  Polymer recycling and biodegradable polymeric materials are two major routes towards the sustainable development of polymer materials which contributes to the management of waste. In this regard, an eco-friendly approach is presented wherein high reclaiming degree of ground tire rubber (GTR) was achieved by low-temperature oxidation under swollen action of soybean oil. In-situ reclaimed GTR with soybean oil was cured into reactive...

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• Properties of nano-Fe3O4 incorporated epoxy coatings from Cure Index perspective

  Publikacja

  • M. Jouyandeh
  • N. Rahmati
  • E. Movahedifar
  • B. Hadavand
  • Z. Karami
  • M. Ghaffari
  • P. Taheri
  • E. Bakhshandeh
  • H. Vahabi
  • M. Ganjali... i 2 innych

  - PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS - Rok 2019

  The mission of an advanced epoxy-based nanocomposite coating is to provide a given substrate with protection against an unwelcome guest; e.g. corrosive molecules/media, environmental stress, flame, thermal degradation or microorganisms. In such systems, the degree to which superior properties can be guaranteed depends on the state of network formation in the epoxy in the presence of nanoparticles. For low-filled epoxy nanocomposite coatings,...

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• Preliminary Investigation on Auto-Thermal Extrusion of Ground Tire Rubber

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Zedler
  • D. Kowalkowska-Zedler
  • H. Vahabi
  • M. Saeb
  • X. Colom
  • J. Cañavate
  • S. Wang
  • K. Formela

  - Materials - Rok 2019

  Ground tire rubber (GTR) was processed using an auto-thermal extrusion as a prerequisite to green reclaiming of waste rubbers. The reclaimed GTR underwent a series of tests: thermogravimetric analysis combined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) in order...

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• Modyfikacja biodegradowalnych poliestrów ialifatycznych i ich mieszanin w obecności inicjatorów nadtlenkowych.

  Publikacja

  • A. Starukiewicz
  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • J. Haponiuk
  • K. Formela

  - Rok 2019

  Streszczenie Czynniki ekologiczne, ekonomiczne oraz większa świadomość społeczeństwa wpływają korzystnie na dynamiczny rozwój biodegradowalnych materiałów, które sukcesywnie zastępują polimery „konwencjonalne”. Na szczególną uwagę zasługują komercyjnie dostępne poliestry alifatyczne takie jak: poli(kwas mlekowy) (PLA), poli(3-hydroksymaślan) (PHB), oraz poli(ε-kaprolakton) (PCL). Jednakże ich wysoka cena oraz problemy technologiczne...

• Modyfikacja biodegradowalnych poliestrów alifatycznych za pomocą inicjatorów nadtlenkowych

  Publikacja

  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • J. Haponiuk
  • K. Formela

  - Tworzywa Sztuczne w Przemyśle - Rok 2019

  Czynniki ekologiczne, ekonomiczne oraz większa świadomość społeczeństwa wpływają korzystnie na dynamiczny rozwój bio- degradowalnych materiałów, które sukcesywnie zastępują polimery „konwencjonalne”. Biodegradowalne polimery zarówno ze źródeł odnawialnych, jak i nieodnawialnych wzbudzają duże zainteresowanie wielu jednostek naukowo-badawczych oraz firm, głównie w zakresie ich modyfikacji. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu...

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• Microwave treatment in waste rubber recycling – recent advances and limitations

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • A. Hejna
  • Ł. Zedler
  • X. Colom
  • J. Cañavate

  - Express Polymer Letters - Rok 2019

  Environmentally-friendly microwave heating is increasingly used in polymer chemistry and technology. The selectivity and highly efficiency in the heat transfer present a huge advantage in systems based on recycling, improving their productivity and economic competitiveness. In case of the industrial recycling of waste rubbers, especially end-of-life tires, microwave-induced devulcanization and pyrolysis are nowadays considered...

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Rok 2013

• Wpływ termoplastycznych kompozycji napełnianych miałem gumowym na wybrane właściwości asfaltu drogowego

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Formela
  • M. Danowska
  • Ł. Piszczyk

  - Rok 2013

  Dynamiczny rozwój transportu samochodowego zmusza do wykonywania nawierzchni drogowych z materiałów o wysokiej wytrzymałości oraz odporności na odkształcenia trwałe, co znacznie wydłuża żywotność nawierzchni. Polskie przedsiębiorstwo BISEK Sp. z o.o. z Wrocławia we współpracy z Politechniką Wrocławską, jako pierwsze wykorzystało miał gumowy do modyfikacji asfaltów metodą mokrą. W chwili obecnej firma Lotos Asfalt Sp. z o.o. wprowadziła...

• Wpływ polietylenu szczepionego bezwodnikiem maleinowym oraz sił ścinających na właściwości mieszanin polietylen wysokiej gęstości-miał gumowy

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk
  • J. Korol

  - Przemysł Chemiczny - Rok 2013

  Scharakteryzowano wpływ kompatybilizatora w postaci polietylenu szczepionego bezwodnikiem maleinowym na właściwości mieszanin PE-HD–miał gumowy. Kompozycje termoplastyczne zawierające 50 cz. mas. rozdrobnionych odpadów gumowych, otrzymano przy użyciu współbieżnej wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej. Poziom sił ścinających generowanych podczas mieszania, regulowano za pomocą zmian prędkości obrotowych ślimaków. Przeprowadzono charakterystykę...

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• The influence of feed rate and shear forces on the devulcanization process of ground tire rubber (GTR) conducted in a co-rotating twin screw extruder

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk
  • A. Stasiek

  - Polimery - Rok 2013

  The search for new ways to recycling of rubber waste has been the aim of many studies conducted by research centers and companiesworldwide. The results of our investigations on the process of continuous thermomechanical devulcanization of ground tire rubber using a twin screw extruder are presented.We used a co-rotating twin screw extruder with a special configuration of plasticizing unit, enabling generation of considerable shear...

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Rok 2016

• Wpływ temperatury na efektywność termomechanicznej regeneracji odpadów gumowych

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • Ł. Zedler

  - Tworzywa Sztuczne w Przemyśle - Rok 2016

  Termo-mechaniczną regenerację miału gumowego w zmiennych warunkach temperaturowych prowadzono przy użyciu współbieżnej wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej. Następnie otrzymane regeneraty gumowe mieszano z zespołem sieciującym i wulkanizowano. Scharakteryzowano właściwości przetwórcze oraz mechaniczne regeneratów gumowych w funkcji temperatury ich wytwarzania.

• Weldability of pipe grade polyethylenes as realized from thermal and mechanical properties assessments

  Publikacja

  • V. Goodarzi
  • Z. Ahmadi
  • M. Saeb
  • F. Hemmati
  • M. Ghaffari
  • K. Formela

  - JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING - Rok 2016

  Since polyethylene (PE) has been widely accepted for the production of high-pressure fluid conveying pipelines, studies devoted to weldability of PE connections were always of major importance. In this study, two industrial PE grades designed for pipe production, namely PE80 and PE100, were injection molded, cut, and then welded as PE100-PE100, PE100-PE80, and PE80-PE80. The heat-welded joints were assessed by differential scanning...

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• Thermo-mechanical reclaiming of ground tire rubber via extrusion at low temperature: Efficiency and limits

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk

  - JOURNAL OF VINYL & ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY - Rok 2016

  Thermomechanical reclaiming of ground tire rubber (GTR) was performed at different temperatures (60, 120, and 180°C) using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Obtained samples were used in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) blends. As reference samples, SBR compounds containing untreated GTR were used. Curing characteristics, static and dynamic mechanical properties, and morphology of the obtained blends were determined. The results...

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• The estimation of total volatile organic compounds emissions generated from peroxide cured natural rubber/polycaprolactone blends

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Marć
  • J. Namieśnik
  • B. Zabiegała

  - MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL - Rok 2016

  Natural rubber (NR)/polycaprolactone (PCL) blends at the ratio of 90/10% wt. (NR/PCL90/10) and 70/30% wt. (NR/PCL70/30), with a constant amount of dicumyl peroxide, were prepared by compounding in an internal mixer. Obtained NR/PCL bio-based blends were cured at three different temperatures (150 °C, 160 °C and 170 °C). The total content of volatile organic compounds (TVOC) as a function of the NR/PCL blends ratio, and their curing...

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• Styrene-Butadiene Rubber/Modified Ground Tire Rubber Blends Co-Vulcanization: Effect of Accelerator Type

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Formela
  • S. Thomas
  • J. Haponiuk

  - MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA - Rok 2016

  Ground tire rubber was thermo-mechanically modified with using a co-rotating twin screw extruder. Modification of GTR was conducted in autothermal conditions. Styrene-butadiene rubber and modified ground tire rubber blends were prepared via two-roll milling. Obtained compounds were cured with conventional system (sulfur/vulcanization accelerator ratio was 2:1). During this research three commonly vulcanization accelerators (MBT,...

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• Recycled Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as Construction Material in Civil Engineering: A Review

  Publikacja

  • M. Sulyman
  • J. Haponiuk
  • K. Formela

  - International Journal of Environmental Science and Development - Rok 2016

  In general, the quantity of plastics of all types consumed annually all over the world has been growing in a phenomenal way. The manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes (MSW) generate numerous waste plastic materials. The increasing awareness about the environment has tremendously contributed to the concerns related with disposal of the generated wastes. It is believed that the management of solid...

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• Processing and structure–property relationships of natural rubber/wheat bran biocomposites

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • A. Hejna
  • Ł. Piszczyk
  • M. Saeb
  • X. Colom

  - CELLULOSE - Rok 2016

  In this work, wheat bran was used as cellulosic filler in biocomposites based on natural rubber. The impact of wheat bran content [ranging from 10 to 50 parts per hundred rubber (phr)] on processing, structure, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal properties, physico-mechanical properties and morphology of resulting biocomposites was investigated. For better characterization of interfacial interactions between natural rubber...

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• Potential applications of crude glycerol in polymer technology–Current state and perspectives

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • P. Kosmela
  • K. Formela
  • Ł. Piszczyk
  • J. Haponiuk

  - RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS - Rok 2016

  The increasing use of bio-based fuels and fuel additives, among them biodiesel, causes significant surplus of crude glycerol on the market which creates new challenges in terms of its sustainable utilization. A lot of ways for the incorporation of this by-product into different branches of industry requires purification by expensive and complicated processes. Therefore, researchers are seeking for applications of untreated crude...

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• Morphology and mechanical properties of polyamide/clay nanocomposites toughened with NBR/NBR-g-GMA: A comparative study

  Publikacja

  • A. E. Jahromi
  • H. R. E. Jahromi
  • F. Hemmati
  • M. Saeb
  • V. Goodarzi
  • K. Formela

  - COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING - Rok 2016

  This work highlights the importance of nanoclay dispersion state in the nanocomposites containing polyamide 6 (PA6), nanoclay and elastomers as well as clay localization at the interface of thermoplastic/elastomer. Morphology and mechanical properties of a series of nanocomposites containing acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), glycidyl methacrylate-grafted NBR (NBR-g-GMA), and combined NBR/NBR-g-GMA were compared and discussed...

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• Morfologia, właściwości mechaniczne oraz palność spienionych materiałów poliuretanowo-poliglicerynowych modyfikowanych grafitem ekspandowanym

  Publikacja

  • K. Gosz
  • P. Kosmela
  • K. Formela
  • A. Hejna
  • Ł. Piszczyk

  - Materiały Kompozytowe - Rok 2016

  Spienione kompozyty poliuretanowo-glicerynowe modyfikowane grafitem ekspandowanymotrzymano metodą jednostopniową z układu dwukomponentowego, gdzie jako składnik poliolowyzastosowano odpadową poliglicerynę. Scharakteryzowano morfologię, właściwościmechaniczne oraz klasę palności otrzymanych materiałów. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, żewprowadzenie poligliceryny do matrycy poliuretanowej umożliwia otrzymanie materiałówcharakteryzujących...

• Microstructure, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of nanoclay-incorporated polyurethane flexible foam composites

  Publikacja

  • H. Rastin
  • Z. Ahmadi
  • M. Saeb
  • K. Formela

  - JOURNAL OF VINYL & ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY - Rok 2016

  The present work seeks to investigate microstructure, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of polyurethane/nanoclay flexible foam composites. In this regard, we prepared various nanocomposites with and without nanoclay and observed the resulting morphologies to correlate them with the other corresponding characteristics. The results provided support for the fact that tensile strength and compression set will increase with...

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Rok 2022

• Waste tire rubber devulcanization technologies: State-of-the-art, limitations and future perspectives

  Publikacja

  • P. Wiśniewska
  • S. Wang
  • K. Formela

  - WASTE MANAGEMENT - Rok 2022

  Waste tires management is a serious and global environmental problem. Therefore, searching for low-cost and industrial-scale applicable tire recycling methods is gaining more and more attention. Waste tire rubber is valuable source of secondary raw materials for the circular economy and current trends indicate that application of waste rubbers during manufacturing value-added products should increase in near future. Sustainable...

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• Recent Advances in Development of Waste-Based Polymer Materials: A Review

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • M. Kurańska
  • M. Barczewski

  - Polymers - Rok 2022

  Limited petroleum sources, suitable law regulations, and higher awareness within society has caused sustainable development of manufacturing and recycling of polymer blends and composites to be gaining increasing attention. This work aims to report recent advances in the manufacturing of environmentally friendly and low-cost polymer materials based on post-production and postconsumer wastes. Sustainable development of three groups...

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Rok 2020

• Waste tire rubber as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers – a review

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • J. Korol
  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • Ł. Zedler
  • B. Chmielnicki
  • K. Formela

  - WASTE MANAGEMENT - Rok 2020

  Nowadays, waste tire rubber (WTR) management is a growing and serious problem. Therefore, research works focused on the development of cost-effective and environmentally-friendly methods of WTR recycling are fully justified. Incorporation of WTR into polymer matrices and composite materials attracts much attention, because this approach allows sustainable development of industrially applicable waste tires recycling technologies....

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• Thermal-Resistant Polyurethane/Nanoclay Powder Coatings: Degradation Kinetics Study

  Publikacja

  • M. Jouyandeh
  • B. Hadavand
  • F. Tikhani
  • R. Khalili
  • B. Bagheri
  • P. Zarrintaj
  • K. Formela
  • H. Vahabi
  • M. Saeb

  - Coatings - Rok 2020

  In the present study, thermal degradation kinetics of polyurethane (PU) powder coatings reinforced with organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMT) was investigated. PU nanocomposites were prepared in different concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 wt.% of OMMT via the extrusion method. The microstructure of the nanocomposites was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) illustrating uniform dispersion of OMMT nano-clay platelets in the...

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• THE IMPACT OF GROUND TIRE RUBBER TREATMENT ON THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE/GROUND TIRE RUBBER COMPOSITES

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • P. Kosmela
  • A. Olszewski
  • Ł. Zedler
  • K. Formela

  - Rok 2020

  Waste car tires are burdensome waste, and their utilization is crucial for the natural environment. In many countries, the primary method of their recycling is energy recovery, performed by simple combustion. However, material recycling is much more effective and significantly more beneficial for the natural environment. It results in the generation of ground tire rubber, which can be used to produce polymerrubber composites. It...

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• Reclaimed Rubber/Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Blends: Structure, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • Ł. Zedler
  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • J. Cañavate
  • X. Colom
  • K. Formela

  - Polymers - Rok 2020

  The amount of elastomeric waste, especially from tires is constantly increasing on a global scale. The recycling of these residua should be considered a priority. Compounding the waste rubbers with other polymers can be an excellent alternative to reuse waste materials. This procedure requires solving the issue of the lack of compatibility between the waste rubber particles and other polymers. Simultaneously, there is a claim for...

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• Recent advances in compatibilization strategies of wood-polymer composites by isocyanates

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • P. Kosmela
  • Ł. Zedler
  • J. Korol
  • K. Formela

  - WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Rok 2020

  Wood-polymer composites technologies are gaining more and more attention in the scientific community, positively affecting the increase in their industrial applications, for example, automotive, building, 3D printing, etc. Many research works are focused on the improvement in matrix–lignocellulosic filler interactions to produce highly filled composites with satisfying performance properties. In this field of research, using isocyanates...

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• Reactive Sintering of Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Modified by a Trans-Polyoctenamer Rubber and Curing Additives

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Zedler
  • D. Kowalkowska-Zedler
  • X. Colom
  • J. Cañavate
  • M. Reza Saeb
  • K. Formela

  - Polymers - Rok 2020

  The proposed method of ground tire rubber (GTR) utilization involves the application of trans-polyoctenamer rubber (TOR), a commercially available waste rubber modifier. The idea was to investigate the influence of various curing additives (sulfur, N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), dibenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS) and di-(2-ethyl)hexylphosphorylpolysulfide (SDT)) on curing characteristics, physico-mechanical, thermal,...

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• Reactive Processing and Functionalization of Ground Tire Rubber

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Zedler
  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • A. Hejna
  • X. Colom
  • J. Cañavate
  • M. Saeb
  • K. Formela

  - Rok 2020

  The dynamic development of the automotive industry resulted in a sig- nificant increase in rubber wastes, especially end-of-life tires, which are a serious threat to the natural environment and human health. This situation has enforced the industry and academic research groups to search new and cost-effective methods for recycling waste tires. In this field of research, reactive processing and functionaliza- tion seem to be a...

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• Reactive extrusion of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters in the presence of free-radical-initiators: A review

  Publikacja

  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • J. Haponiuk
  • K. Formela

  - POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY - Rok 2020

  Nowadays, growing attention is being paid to the environment and sustainability, what fully justified research works focused on modification of biodegradable polymers and their composites. In this field of research reactive extrusion seems to be the most promising approach, which fits well to sustainable development strategy. In In the present work, the in-situ modification of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters and the compatibilization...

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• Poly(ε-Caprolactone)/Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends Compatibilized by Peroxide Initiators: Comparison of Two Strategies

  Publikacja

  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • J. Haponiuk
  • K. Formela

  - Polymers - Rok 2020

  Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends were compatibilized by reactive blending and by copolymers formed during reaction in the solution. The reactive blending of PCL/PLA was performed using di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene (BIB) or dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as radical initiator. PCL-g-PLA copolymers were prepared using 1.0 wt. % of DCP or BIB via reaction in solution, which was investigated through...

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• Polyurethane/Silane-Functionalized ZrO2 Nanocomposite Powder Coatings: Thermal Degradation Kinetics

  Publikacja

  • F. Tikhani
  • B. Hadavand
  • H. F. Bafghi
  • M. Jouyandeh
  • H. Vahabi
  • K. Formela
  • H. Hosseini
  • S. Paran
  • A. Esmaeili
  • A. Mohaddespour
  • M. Saeb

  - Coatings - Rok 2020

  A polyurethane (PU)-based powder coating reinforced with vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS)-functionalized ZrO2 nanoparticles (V-ZrO2) for thermal stability was developed. Chemical structure, microstructure and thermal degradation kinetics of the prepared coatings were investigated. The peak of aliphatic C–H vibrating bond in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of V-ZrO2 was a signature of VTMS attachment. Scanning electron...

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• Poloxamer: A versatile tri-block copolymer for biomedical applications

  Publikacja

  • P. Zarrintaj
  • J. D. Ramsey
  • A. Samadi
  • Z. Atoufi
  • M. K. Yazdi
  • M. Ganjali
  • L. M. Amirabad
  • E. Zangene
  • M. Farokhi
  • K. Formela... i 3 innych

  - Acta Biomaterialia - Rok 2020

  Poloxamers, also called Pluronic, belong to a unique class of synthetic tri-block copolymers containing central hydrophobic chains of poly(propylene oxide) sandwiched between two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide). Some chemical characteristics of poloxamers such as temperature-dependent self-assembly and thermo-reversible behavior along with biocompatibility and physiochemical properties make poloxamer-based biomaterials...

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• On the Correlation of Lignocellulosic Filler Composition with the Performance Properties of Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Based Biocomposites

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • M. Sulyman
  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • M. Saeb
  • M. Klein
  • K. Formela

  - Waste and Biomass Valorization - Rok 2020

  In this work, three types of agricultural waste: olive stones (OS), date seed (DS) and wheat bran (WB) were applied as potential lignocellulosic fillers in poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) based biocomposites. Differences in composites’ performance were related to the higher content of proteins, noted for WB comparing to other fillers applied, which enhanced plasticization of PCL matrix. The mechanical properties of biocomposites were...

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• Modification of Ground Tire Rubber—Promising Approach for Development of Green Composites

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Zedler
  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • J. Haponiuk
  • S. Wang
  • K. Formela

  - Journal of Composites Science - Rok 2020

  Ground tire rubber (GTR) was mechano-chemically modified using a road bitumen 100/150 and two types of organic peroxides: di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The impact of used additives on reactive sintering efficiency and physico-mechanical properties of modified GTR was investigated using oscillating disc rheometer measurements, followed by tensile tests and swelling behavior studies....

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• Microstructure–Property Relationship of Polyurethane Foams Modified with Baltic Sea Biomass: Microcomputed Tomography vs. Scanning Electron Microscopy

  Publikacja

  • P. Kosmela
  • J. Suchorzewski
  • K. Formela
  • P. Kazimierski
  • J. Haponiuk
  • Ł. Piszczyk

  - Materials - Rok 2020

  In this paper, novel rigid polyurethane foams modified with Baltic Sea biomass were compared with traditional petro-based polyurethane foam as reference sample. A special attention was focused on complex studies of microstructure, which was visualized and measured in 3D with high-resolution microcomputed tomography (microCT) and, as commonly applied for this purpose, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impact of pore volume,...

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• Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber/Epoxy/XNBR-grafted Halloysite Nanotubes Nanocomposites

  Publikacja

  • S. Paran
  • G. Naderi
  • H. Mosallanezhad
  • E. Movahedifar
  • K. Formela
  • M. Saeb

  - Polymers - Rok 2020

  The effect of various amounts of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) functionalized halloysite nanotubes (XHNTs) on the cure characteristics, mechanical and swelling behavior of XNBR/epoxy compounds was experimentally and theoretically investigated. The morphology of the prepared XNBR/epoxy/XHNTs nanocomposites was imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of various XNBR-grafted nanotubes on the damping...

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Rok 2018

• Vegetable derived-oil facilitating carbon black migration from waste tire rubbers and its reinforcement effect

  Publikacja

  • P. Song
  • C. Wan
  • Y. Xie
  • K. Formela
  • S. Wang

  - WASTE MANAGEMENT - Rok 2018

  Three dimensional chemically cross-linked polymer networks present a great challenge for recycling and reutilization of waste tire rubber. In this work, the covalently cross-linked networks of ground tire rubber (GTR) were degraded heterogeneously under 150 °C due to the synergistic effects of the soybean oil and controlled oxidation. The degradation mechanism was discussed using Horikx theory and Fourier transformation infrared...

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• Two-step Conversion of Crude Glycerol Generated by Biodiesel Production into Biopolyols: Synthesis, Structural and Physical Chemical Characterization

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • P. Kosmela
  • M. Klein
  • K. Formela
  • M. Kopczyńska
  • J. Haponiuk
  • Ł. Piszczyk

  - JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT - Rok 2018

  In this work biopolyols were synthesized via two-step process from crude glycerol and castor oil. For better evaluation of analyzed process, the impact of its time and temperature on the structure and properties of biopolyols was determined. Obtained results fully justified conducting of synthesis in two steps. Prepared materials were characterized by hydroxyl value and water content comparable to polyols industrially applied in...

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• Thermoplastic Elastomers Filled With GTR

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk
  • S. Wang
  • X. Colom

  - Rok 2018

  In recent years, searching for new and cost-effective methods of recycling waste tires has been a subject of research in many laboratories worldwide. This is due to regulations in the law and environmental factors, which have both stimulated industry to re-use high quality rubber found in ground tire rubber (GTR). One of the most promising solutions in this area seems to be thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) filled with GTR, which...

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• The study on application of biopolyols obtained by cellulose biomass liquefaction performed with crude glycerol for the synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams

  Publikacja

  • P. Kosmela
  • A. Hejna
  • K. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk
  • Ł. Piszczyk

  - JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT - Rok 2018

  In this work rigid polyurethane foams (PUR) were obtained by replacement of 0–70 wt% of petrochemical polyol with bio-polyol obtained via cellulose liquefaction in presence of crude glycerol. The foams with different content of a bio-polyol were prepared by single step method for NCO/OH ratio equals 1.5. The prepared materials were analyzed in terms of their morphology, chemical structure, thermal stability and basic physical and...

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• Synergistic Effects of Bitumen Plasticization and Microwave Treatment on Short-Term Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Zedler
  • M. Klein
  • M. Saeb
  • X. Colom
  • J. Cañavate
  • K. Formela

  - Polymers - Rok 2018

  Ground tire rubber (GTR) was mechano-chemically modified with road bitumen 160/220 and subsequently treated using a microwave radiation. The combined impact of bitumen 160/220 content and microwave treatment on short-term devulcanization of GTR was studied by thermal camera, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF), static headspace, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS), thermogravimetric analysis...

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• Surface Treatment of Rubber Waste

  Publikacja

  • X. Colom
  • M. Marín-Genescà
  • K. Formela
  • J. Cañavate

  - Rok 2018

  This chapter deals with the study of different approaches to improve the compatibility of waste rubber with polymeric matrixes of high density polyethylene (HDPE) by using surface treatments to increase adhesion. Different surface treatments such as etching with sulphuric and nitric acids, the use of a silane as a coupling agent and chlorination with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) have been applied. The modification of waste rubber...

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• Structure-property relationships in peroxide-assisted blends of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)

  Publikacja

  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • Ł. Zedler
  • M. Saeb
  • K. Formela

  - REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS - Rok 2018

  Poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PCL/PHB) blends in two weight ratios (75/25 and 50/50) were reactively compatibilized in the presence of di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene and dicumyl peroxide as free radical initiators. Rheological, mechanical, thermal properties and morphological features, as well as the chemical structure of PCL/PHB blends were investigated. It was found that regardless of PCL/PHB blend...

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• Structure and performance properties of environmentally-friendly biocomposites based on poly(ɛ-caprolactone) modified with copper slag and shale drill cuttings wastes

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • K. Piszcz-Karaś
  • N. Filipowicz
  • H. Cieśliński
  • J. Namieśnik
  • M. Marć
  • M. Klein
  • K. Formela

  - SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT - Rok 2018

  The potential application of two types of industrial wastes, drill cuttings (DC) and copper slag (CS), as silica-rich modifiers of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) was investigated. Chemical structure and physical properties of DC and CS fillers were characterized using X-ray diffractometer, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, particle size and density measurements. PCL/DC and PCL/CS composites with a variable content of filler (5 to 50...

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• Structural, mechanical and thermal behavior assessments of PCL/PHB blends reactively compatibilized with organic peroxides

  Publikacja

  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • M. Marć
  • M. Klein
  • M. Saeb
  • K. Formela

  - POLYMER TESTING - Rok 2018

  The efficiency of two commercially available organic peroxides, dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB), during reactive processing of poly (ε-caprolactone)/poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PCL/PHB) blends was investigated. The changes in chemical structure of PCL/PHB blends, as a function of organic peroxide type (DCP/BIB) and content (in range: 0–1.0 parts by weight - pbw), were characterized by Fourier...

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• Structural and physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber/GTR composites devulcanized by microwaves: Influence of GTR source and irradiation time

  Publikacja

  • X. Colom
  • M. Marín-Genescà
  • R. Mujal
  • K. Formela
  • J. Cañavate

  - JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS - Rok 2018

  Ground tire rubber from car and truck was modified using microwave irradiation at variable time. The irradiated ground tire rubber was used as filler in composites based on natural rubber. The composites, with high content of ground tire rubber, were prepared using an internal batch mixer and subsequently cross-linked at 160℃. The influence of the ground tire rubber source (car/truck) and irradiation time on structure, physico-mechanical...

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• Rheological properties, oxidative and thermal stability, and potential application of biopolyols prepared via two-step process from crude glycerol

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • P. Kosmela
  • M. Klein
  • K. Gosz
  • K. Formela
  • J. Haponiuk
  • Ł. Piszczyk

  - POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY - Rok 2018

  In this work, previously synthesized biopolyols were analyzed in terms of their rheological and thermal properties, very important from the technological point of view. For better evaluation of performed synthesis, the influence of its time and temperature on the properties of biopolyols was determined. In the end, obtained materials were used to prepare rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR) foams, to evaluate their potential...

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• Reactive extrusion of bio-based polymer blends and composites – Current trends and future developments

  Publikacja

  • K. Formela
  • Ł. Zedler
  • A. Hejna
  • A. Tercjak

  - Express Polymer Letters - Rok 2018

  Reactive extrusion is a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly method to produce new materials with enhanced performance properties. At present, reactive extrusion allows in-situ polymerization, modification/functionalization of polymers or chemical bonding of two (or more) immiscible phases, which can be carried out on commonly used extrusion lines. Although reactive extrusion has been known for many years, its application...

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• Preparation and characterization of natural rubber composites highly filled with brewers' spent grain/ground tire rubber hybrid reinforcement

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Zedler
  • X. Colom
  • M. Saeb
  • K. Formela

  - COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING - Rok 2018

  Brewers' spent grain (BSG) and ground tire rubber (GTR) were applied as low-cost hybrid reinforcement natural rubber (NR). The impact of BSG/GTR ratio (in range: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100 phr) on processing and performance properties of highly filled natural rubber composites was evaluated by oscillating disc rheometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy,...

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• Opracowanie niskoemisyjnej technologii regeneracji odpadów gumowych – badania wstępne

  Publikacja

  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • Ł. Zedler
  • K. Formela

  - Tworzywa Sztuczne w Przemyśle - Rok 2018

  Dynamiczny rozwój przemysłu motoryzacyjnego, przyczynia się do powstania ogromnej ilości odpadów gumowych, w tym głównie zużytych opon samochodowych. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wstępnych nad nową, niskoemisyjną technologią regeneracji odpadów gumowych. Scharakteryzowano właściwości przetwórcze oraz fizyko-mechaniczne regeneratów gumowych w funkcji warunków ich wytwarzania.

Rok 2021

• Thermo-oxidative exfoliation of carbon black from ground tire rubber as potential reinforcement in green tires

  Publikacja

  • A. Hassan
  • Z. Zhang
  • K. Formela
  • S. Wang

  - COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Rok 2021

  Considering the balance between rapidly growing global tire demand and scarcity of natural resources, recycling and reclaiming techniques of tire rubber have become the state of the art. Herein, we set out to implement a self-designed thermo-oxidative reactor for the exfoliation of carbon black (CB) from ground tire rubber, which is efficiently functioned under a thermo-oxidative reclaiming condition without any additive. The exfoliation...

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• THERMOMECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAMS AS A FUNCTION OF THE ISOCYANATE INDEX

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • P. Kosmela
  • A. Olszewski
  • Ł. Zedler
  • K. Formela

  - Rok 2021

  Polyurethane foams are very versatile materials applied in different branches of industry. Their popularity is attributed, among others, to the flexibility in engineering their mechanical performance by the adjustment of their formulations. One of the most crucial factors is the isocyanate index, determining the ratio between the free hydroxyl and isocyanate groups present in the polyurethane system. By the change of this ratio,...

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• The Impact of Ground Tire Rubber Oxidation with H2O2 and KMnO4 on the Structure and Performance of Flexible Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composite Foams

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • A. Olszewski
  • Ł. Zedler
  • P. Kosmela
  • K. Formela

  - Materials - Rok 2021

  The use of waste tires is a very critical issue, considering their environmental and economic implications. One of the simplest and the least harmful methods is conversion of tires into ground tire rubber (GTR), which can be introduced into different polymer matrices as a filler. However, these applications often require proper modifications to provide compatibility with the polymer matrix. In this study, we examined the impact...

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• Sustainable upcycling of brewers’ spent grain by thermo-mechanical treatment in twin-screw extruder

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • M. Barczewski
  • K. Skórczewska
  • J. Szulc
  • B. Chmielnicki
  • J. Korol
  • K. Formela

  - JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION - Rok 2021

  Thermo-mechanical treatment of brewers’ spent grain (a by-product of beer manufacturing) was successfully performed via the extrusion process. The impact of temperature (from 30 to 180 °C), throughput (from 1 to 5 kg/h) and screw speed (from 75 to 375 rpm) on particle size, color, chemical structure, antioxidant activity and thermal stability of resulting material, as well as correlations between particular properties, were investigated....

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• Structural Changes and Their Implications in Foamed Flexible Polyurethane Composites Filled with Rapeseed Oil-Treated Ground Tire Rubber

  Publikacja

  • P. Kosmela
  • A. Olszewski
  • Ł. Zedler
  • P. Wiśniewska (dawniej: P. Burger)
  • K. Formela
  • A. Hejna

  - Journal of Composites Science - Rok 2021

  The utilization of post-consumer car tires is an essential issue from an ecological andeconomic point of view. One of the simplest and the least harmful methods is their material recyclingresulting in ground tire rubber (GTR), which can be further applied as fillers for polymer-basedcomposites. Nevertheless, insufficient interfacial interactions implicate the necessity of GTR modi-fication before introduction into polymer matrices....

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• Recycling of Waste Rubber by Thermo-Mechanical Treatment in a Twin-Screw Extruder

  Publikacja

  • Ł. Zedler
  • P. Kosmela
  • A. Olszewski
  • P. Wiśniewska (dawniej: P. Burger)
  • K. Formela
  • A. Hejna

  - Proceedings - Rok 2021

  Recycling of waste tires is a significant issue considering both environmental and economic aspects. One of the leading recycling routes is the shredding of tires resulting in the generation of ground tire rubber. This material can be easily introduced into various polymer matrices as a filler, reducing the use of conventionally applied petroleum-based materials. In such cases, it is essential to ensure sufficient interfacial compatibility,...

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• Recycling of Waste Rubber by the Manufacturing of Foamed Polyurethane-Based Composites—Current State and Perspectives

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • K. Formela
  • Ł. Zedler
  • P. Kosmela
  • A. Olszewski

  - Proceedings - Rok 2021

  Worn car tires are disruptive waste, and the issue of their management is crucial for the natural environment. In many countries, the primary method of end-of-life tires utilization is energy recovery. However, more effective and beneficial for the environment is material recycling. Using them for the production of polymer-rubber composites seems to be an auspicious direction of research. Incorporation of ground tire rubber into...

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• Processing, Performance Properties, and Storage Stability of Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Dicumyl Peroxide and Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

  Publikacja

  • P. Wiśniewska
  • Ł. Zedler
  • K. Formela

  - Polymers - Rok 2021

  In this paper, ground tire rubber was modified with dicumyl peroxide and a variable content (in the range of 0–15 phr) of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers characterized by different vinyl acetate contents (in the range of 18–39 wt.%). Modification of ground tire rubber was performed via an auto-thermal extrusion process in which heat was generated during internal shearing of the material inside the extruder barrel. The processing,...

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• OIL-ASSISTED THERMO-MECHANICAL RECLAMATION OF GROUND TIRE RUBBER

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • P. Kosmela
  • A. Olszewski
  • Ł. Zedler
  • K. Formela

  - Rok 2021

  Nowadays, it is crucial to seek for the methods of by-products and waste utilization, considering both environmental and economic factors. The example of waste material generated in the massive amounts, which requires the attention is ground tire rubber generated during recycling of post-consumer car tires. It can be applied as a filler into different polymer matrices, but to enhance its effectivity proper modifications should...

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• Morphology, Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Biodegradibility of PCL/PLA Blends Reactively Compatibilized by Different Organic Peroxides

  Publikacja

  • M. Przybysz-Romatowska
  • M. Barczewski
  • S. Mania
  • A. Tercjak
  • J. Haponiuk
  • K. Formela

  - Materials - Rok 2021

  Reactive blending is a promising approach for the sustainable development of bio-based polymer blends and composites, which currently is gaining more and more attention. In this paper, biodegradable blends based on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were prepared via reactive blending performed in an internal mixer. The PCL and PLA content varied in a ratio of 70/30 and 55/45. Reactive modification of PCL/PLA...

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Rok 2023

• The impact of filler thermomechanical modifications on static and dynamic mechanical performance of flexible foamed polyurethane/ground tire rubber/zinc borate composites

  Publikacja

  • A. Hejna
  • P. Kosmela
  • A. Olszewski
  • K. Formela
  • Ł. Zedler
  • A. Piasecki
  • K. Skórczewska

  - Composites Theory and Practice - Rok 2023

  The rapid development of the automotive industry is very beneficial to many aspects of human life, but it is also a very significant environmental burden. The most straightforward impact is related to the generation of exhaust, but the management of post-consumer car parts is also a major challenge. Among them, waste tires are very burdensome due to their enormous numbers. Therefore, it is essential to develop novel, environmentally...

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• Tailoring diamondised nanocarbon-loaded poly(lactic acid) composites for highly electroactive surfaces: extrusion and characterisation of filaments for improved 3D-printed surfaces

  Publikacja

  • M. Cieślik
  • A. Susik
  • M. Banasiak
  • R. Bogdanowicz
  • K. Formela
  • J. Ryl

  - MICROCHIMICA ACTA - Rok 2023

  A new 3D-printable composite has been developed dedicated to electroanalytical applications. Two types of diamondised nanocarbons - detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) and boron-doped carbon nanowalls (BCNWs) - were added as fillers in poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composites to extrude 3D filaments. Carbon black served as a primary filler to reach high composite conductivity at low diamondised nanocarbon concentrations (0.01 to 0.2...

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• Rubber wastes recycling for developing advanced polymer composites: A warm handshake with sustainability

  Publikacja

  • P. Wiśniewska
  • N. A. Wójcik (dawniej: N. Wójcik)
  • J. Ryl
  • R. Bogdanowicz
  • H. Vahabi
  • K. Formela
  • M. Saeb

  - JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION - Rok 2023

  Recycling and management of rubber wastes experiences an early-stage maturity in the quest for sustainable and circular materials. Up to now, solutions proposed for sustainable development of rubber wastes are limited, so that properties and performance features of recycled products are inadequate for practical applications. Herein, an experimental protocol is introduced for manufacturing semi-sustainable polymer composites based...

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• Reinforcing and plasticizing effects of reclaimed rubber on the vulcanization and properties of natural rubber

  Publikacja

  • T. Ren
  • P. Song
  • W. Yang
  • K. Formela
  • S. Wang

  - JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE - Rok 2023

  The production of high-added value reclaimed rubber (RR) is of great signifi-cance for the sustainability of rubber industries. To green recycle waste rub-bers and broaden the application of RR, a RR material with potentialreinforcing and plasticizing effects on nature rubber (NR) composites are pre-pared by a thermo-oxidative reclamation process. The reclamation degree ofRR is controlled by adjusting the content of soybean oil....

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• Processing, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of GTR Modified by SBS Copolymers

  Publikacja

  • A. Susik
  • A. Rodak
  • J. Cañavate
  • X. Colom
  • S. Wang
  • K. Formela

  - Materials - Rok 2023

  In this work, ground tire rubber (GTR) was thermo-mechanically treated in the presence of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymers. During preliminary investigation, the effects of different SBS copolymer grades, the variable content of SBS copolymer on the Mooney viscosity, and the thermal and mechanical properties of modified GTR were determined. Subsequently, GTR modified by SBS copolymer and cross-linking agents (sulfur-based...

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• Multiple Reprocessing of Conductive PLA 3D-Printing Filament: Rheology, Morphology, Thermal and Electrochemical Properties Assessment

  Publikacja

  • M. Cieślik
  • A. Rodak
  • A. Susik
  • N. A. Wójcik (dawniej: N. Wójcik)
  • M. Szociński
  • J. Ryl
  • K. Formela

  - Materials - Rok 2023

  Additive manufacturing technologies are gaining more and more attention, resulting in the development or modification of 3D printing techniques and dedicated materials. On the other hand, economic and ecological aspects force the industry to develop material recycling strategies. In this work, the multiple reprocessing of a commercially available PLA conductive composite with carbon black filler, dedicated to 3D printing, was investigated....

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