Search results for: SUPERHEATED STEAM DRYING
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Role of distillation in determination of SCFAs in samples of different origin
PublicationShort-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are very volatile compounds and choosing an appropriate isolation and enrichement technique is a key to their determination. Distillation is one of methods which can be applied. There are many types of distillation. The simplest ones are direct, steam and fractional distillation, but they are not used very often and have some drawbacks. However, many modifications of basic distillation have been...
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Turbomachinery - Background
PublicationThe "Turbomachinery - Background" is the first part of a series of monographs devoted to different aspects of rotating machines. The book presents the main fundamentals which are necessary for the different problems of steam, gas, wind and water turbines as well as pumps, compressors and propellers which will discussed in detail in the subsequent parts of the series.
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An Impact of Environmental Disturbances on Combined Cycle Power Plant Control
PublicationCombined cycle power plants operate at thermal efficiency approaching 60 percent. In the same time their performance presents several problems that have to be addressed. E.g. gas turbines are very sensitive to backpressure exerted on them by the heat recovery steam generators as well as to ambient pressure and temperature.
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Cooperation of ORC installation with a gas boiler as a perspective co-generation system for households
PublicationThis paper reports tests of an innovative micro-CHP unit prototype, consisting of a traditional gas boiler and organic Rankine cycle (ORC), which incorporates original system components such as an axial vapour microturbine, evaporator and condenser. The system co-generates heat and electricity for a single household or a group of households. Electricity is only a by-product during production of heat. While testing the prototype,...
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The effectivness of fault detection in common rail injectors examination methods
PublicationThe article presents the effectiveness tests of fault detection in common rail injectors. 40 injectors with different wear levels were tested. Testing was made on two test benches of a completely different design. Research includes comparison of accuracy, reproducibility and testability to detect specific defects. A device was created for visualization of the fuel injector spraying steam.
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Operation of the 900 MW power plant with the ORC supplied from three heat sources
PublicationThe chapter is aimed at utilisation of waste heat in the reference supercritical power plant in the manner to produce electricity in ORC installation. The waste heat is available in the form of a stream of hot water at 90°C, recovered from the exhaust gases in the amount of 200MW. Such low enthalpy heat source is rather insufficient to produce a good quality vapour to feed the ORC turbine. Therefore an original approach to increase...
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Comparison analysis of selected nuclear power plants supplied with helium from high-temperature gas-cooled reactor
PublicationThe article presents results of efficiency calculations for two 560 MW nuclear cycles with high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR). An assumption was made that systems of this type can be used in so-called marine nuclear power plants. The first analysed system is the nuclear steam power plant. For the steam cycle, the efficiency calculations were performed with the code DIAGAR, which is dedicated for analysing this type of systems....
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The Effect of Steaming Beech, Birch and Maple Woods on Qualitative Indicators of the Surface
PublicationThis work presents the effect of steaming beech, birch and maple woods on the resulting quality of the milled wood surface. The steaming process of the studied woods results in a targeted change in the color of the wood, which changes from the original light white-gray color to fine reddishbrown to dark brown color shades that are more or less saturated depending on the temperature of the saturated water steam. The color changes...
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Advanced Control Structures of Turbo Generator System of Nuclear Power Plant
PublicationIn the paper a synthesis of advanced control structures of turbine and synchronous generator for nuclear power plant working under changing operating conditions (supplied power level) is presented. It is based on the nonlinear models of the steam turbine and synchronous generator cooperating with the power system. Considered control structure consists of multi-regional fuzzy control systems with local linear controllers, including...
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Advanced Control Structures of Turbo Generator System of Nuclear Power Plant
PublicationIn the paper a synthesis of advanced control structures of turbine and synchronous generator for nuclear power plant working under changing operating conditions (supplied power level) is presented. It is based on the nonlinear models of the steam turbine and synchronous generator cooperating with the power system. Considered control structure consists of multi-regional fuzzy control systems with local linear controllers, including...
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Analysis of cyclone separator solutions depending on spray ejector condenser conditions
PublicationThe core design strategy for minimizing CO2 emissions in gas power plant entails combining a spray ejector condenser (SEC) and separator to accomplish steam condensation and CO2 purification. This innovative process involves direct-contact condensation of steam with CO2, facilitated by interaction with a subcooled water spray, along with a cyclone separator mechanism intended for generating pure CO2. The investigation of the SEC...
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Polyurethane-based aerogels: Preparation, properties, and applications
PublicationPolyurethane aerogels (PUAs) are interesting materials because of their high porosity, low density, and low thermal conductivity, which result in their application as thermal insulations. PUAs are mainly synthesized using di- and polyisocyanates, diols or polyols, catalysts (tertiary amines and organometallic), and solvents (which are used as reaction medium, purifying of obtained semiproducts). Preparation procedure involves several...
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Modelowanie przepływu pary przez okołodźwiękowe wieńce turbinowe z użyciem sztucznych sieci neuronoych
PublicationNiniejszy artykuł stanowi opis modelu przepływu pary przez okołodźwiękowe stopnie turbinowe, stworzonego w oparciu o sztuczne sieci neuronowe (SSN). Przedstawiony model neuronowy pozwala na wyznaczenie rozkładu wybranych parametrów w analizowanym przekroju kanału przepływowego turbiny dla rozpatrywanego zakresu wartości ciśnienia wlotowego.
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Modelling of the Baumann turbine stage operation Part II. Free and kinetic vibrations
PublicationIn this paper has been presented a methodology of validation a novel mathematical model dedicated to evaluation and prediction of material degradation and demage of steam turbine elements such as blades, valves and pipes due to three mechanisms: stress-corosion, high-temperature creep and low-cyclic fatigue. The validation concept is based on an experimental setup manufactured in the Laboratory of Faculty of Mechanical and Power...
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XRD pattern of Mo2Ga2C, Mo2CTx/Mo2GaC and Ni-Mo2CTx/Mo2Ga2C materials
Open Research DataIn the dataset are included raw data for the preparation of XRD pattern of Mo2Ga2C, Mo2CTx/Mo2GaC and Ni-Mo2CTx/Mo2Ga2C materials.
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Dobór głównych parametrów instalacji grzewczych spalinowych siłowni okrętowych z wykorzystaniem metod i modeli probabilistycznych
PublicationPraca doktorska przedstawia nowatorską metodę projektowania okrętowych instalacji grzewczych. Metoda ta powstała dzięki analizie statystycznej danych zebranych z kilkunastu statków dotyczących między innymi wytwarzania pary w kotłach utylizacyjnych i zapotrzebowania na ciepło przez odbiorniki pary. Zaproponowany w pracy proces projektowy wykorzystuje równania korelacji wynikające z analizy statystycznej. Wytwarzanie ciepła oraz...
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Experimental research on helical coil biomass boiler with oil as a heating fluid
PublicationThis paper presents an experimental research of helical coil biomass boiler with thermal oil heating agent. Heat exchanger consists of two coaxial helical coils swept by the flue gases. The burner is a single vertical retort connected to the fuel tank (wooden pellets). The boiler is a part of micro-power plant in which the heat from the boiler is exchanged with low-boiling HFE7100 to produce steam for a custom steam turbine. The...
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Mechanical characteristics of welded joints between different stainless steels grades
Publicationnvestigation of mechanical characteristics of welded joints is one of the most important tasks that allow determining their functional properties. Due to the very high, still rising, cost of some stainless steels it is justified, on economic grounds, welding austenitic stainless steel with steels that are corrosion-resistant like duplex ones. According to forecasts the price of...
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Principles of smoking
PublicationTreatment of a large variety of foods with wood smoke has been practiced for centuries—predominantlymeats, poultry, and fish, but also scallops, cheeses, prunes, paprika, and themalt used to produce whiskey and some sorts of beer.The process usually includes salting and partial drying; it may also be coupled with heating. The aim is to increase the shelf life of the products, prevent food poisoning, and add a desirable smoky flavor....
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Hydroxyapatite deposition on the laser modified Ti13Nb13Zr alloy
PublicationThe Ti13Nb13Zr alloy was subjected to laser modification with the Nd:YAG laser provided that such treatment would increase the surface roughness followed improved adhesion of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings The hydroxyapatite was deposited by electrophoretic method in suspension of 0.5 g HA powder and 100 ml ethyl alcohol. The deposition was carried out for 10 min at 10 V voltage followed by drying at room temperature for 24 h and...
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Application of the near-infrared spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical technology
PublicationNear-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is currently the fastest-growing and the most versatile analytical method not only in the pharmaceutical sciences but also in the industry. This review focuses on recent NIR applications in the pharmaceutical technology. This article covers monitoring, by NIR, of many manufacturing processes, such as granulation, mixing or drying, in order to determine the end-point of these processes. In this...
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Emerging Processes for Sustainable Processing of Food Ingredients and Products
PublicationIn recent decades, traditional food processing processes, such as homogenization, pasteurization, canning, drying, and smoking, among others, have been successfully applied to obtain, to some extent, acceptable food items. However, with the increasing food demand, as a consequence of the growing population worldwide, new, tunable, and enriched food products are demanded, requiring the implementation of emerging technologies in...
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How much a geometrical model of a honeycomb seal can be simpli ed in the CFD calculation
PublicationThis paper presents the inuence of geometry simplication on the results obtained in the computational fluid dynamics simulation. The subject of simulation was part of the honeycomb seal located at the inlet to high pressure part of a steam turbine. There were three different geometrical models assumed in the calculations. First one was two-dimensional case and two others were three dimensional, one with the radius of curvature...
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Isothermal turbines − New challenges. Numerical and experimental investigations into isothermal expansion in turbine power plants
PublicationThe efficiency of power plants with steam or gas turbines depends on the efficiencies of a thermodynamic cycle and devices implementing this cycle. In the case of high power outputs, we cannot expect a significant increase in the efficiency of individual devices. Therefore, what remains is to increase the efficiency of the implemented thermodynamic cycle - the complex Rankine cycle in the case of steam turbines or the extended...
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Wieloobszarowa regulacja systemu turbogeneratora elektrowni jądrowej =Multiregional control of nuclear power plant turbogenerator system
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono propozycję zaawansowanej struktury sterowania układem turbogeneratora w szerokim zakresie zmian zapotrzebowania na moc czynną. Dla potrzeb syntezy tej struktury wykorzystano nieliniowe, dynamiczne modele turbiny parowej i generatora synchronicznego współpracującego z systemem elektroenergetycznym. Zaproponowane algorytmy sterowania oparte są odpowiednio o wieloobszarowe regulatory rozmyte, z lokalnymi regulatorami...
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Silicon Oxycarbide-Graphite Electrodes for High-Power Energy Storage Devices
PublicationHerein we present a study on polymer-derived silicon oxycarbide (SiOC)/graphite composites for a potential application as an electrode in high power energy storage devices, such as Lithium-Ion Capacitor (LIC). The composites were processed using high power ultrasound-assisted sol-gel synthesis followed by pyrolysis. The intensive sonication enhances gelation and drying process, improving the homogenous distribution of the graphitic...
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Thermal Biomass Conversion: A Review
PublicationIn this paper, the most important methods of thermal conversion of biomass, such as: hydrothermal carbonization (180–250 °C), torrefaction (200–300 °C), slow pyrolysis (carbonization) (300–450 °C), fast pyrolysis (500–800 °C), gasification (800–1000 °C), supercritical steam gasification, high temperature steam gasification (>1000 °C) and combustion, were gathered, compared and ranked according to increasing temperature. A comprehensive...
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Carbon Dioxide Recovery Skid
PublicationIn the face of tightening climate regulations, the adoption of carbon dioxide recovery systems is inevitable. Modular process skid units have been widely adopted across the industry. The gas-steam power plant skid unit with the carbon dioxide recovery system was described. The proposed skid module consists of the compact cycle with the oxy-combustion and the carbon dioxide capture skid unit producing pure compressed CO2. The compactness...
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DETEKCJA FAL UDERZENIOWYCH W UKŁADACH ŁOPATKOWYCH CZĘŚCI NISKOPRĘŻNYCH TURBIN PAROWYCH
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono wyniki numerycznych symulacji okołodźwiękowego przepływu pary przez ostatnie stopnie części niskoprężnej turbiny o mocy 50 MW. Celem przeprowadzonych symulacji była detekcja oraz lokalizacja fali uderzeniowej, występującej dla przyjętej geometrii układu łopatkowego. Przeanalizowano również wpływ zmiany wartości ciśnienia na wlocie do rozpatrywanych stopni turbiny na maksymalną wartość...
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The effect of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) steaming process on the colour change versus depth of tested wood layer
PublicationThe results of experimental research on the colour changes of beech wood at different depths of the tested layer are presented. Beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) dried in a conventional kiln was tested. Half of the wood samples were steamed prior to the drying process. Colour changes were measured at various depths after the face milling process was used to remove the material to expose to the deeper surface. The colour changes were...
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Bacterial cellulose vs. bacterial cellulose nanocrystals as stabilizer agents for O/W pickering emulsions
PublicationThe growing interest in Pickering emulsions in functional food systems resulted in the need to find suitable stabilizers for them. The work considers the use of bacterial cellulose for this purpose, and its aim was to compare the properties of disintegrated bacterial cellulose, before and after freeze-drying, and its nanocrystals obtained using H2SO4 under variable of time and concentration conditions. The structure of nanocrystals...
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An influence of molecular weight, deacetylation degree of chitosan xerogels on their antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. Comparison of chitosan materials obtained using lactic acid and CO2 saturation.
PublicationThis paper presents a comparison of the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity against L929 cells of chitosan xerogels prepared by dissolving the polymer in a solution of lactic acid (LA) or carbonic acid (CO2) and then freeze-drying. There was no simple relationship between the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the samples obtained using both techniques (LA and CO2). Chitosan materials obtained by the LA method in a...
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High Temperature Air Combustion and Gasification (HTAC; HTAG)
PublicationCombustion and gasification technology utilizing high-cycle regenerative air/steam preheater has drawn increased attention in many application areas. The process is to be realized at temperature level above ash melting point using highly preheated agent. The use of highly preheated media above 900oC provides additional energy in to conversion processes and results in considerable changes to the design of combustion and gasification...
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Effect of Thermal Treatment of Birch Wood by Saturated Water Vapor on Granulometric Composition of Chips from Sawing and Milling Processes from the Point of View of Its Processing to Composites
PublicationThe goal of this work is to investigate the impact of thermal modification of birch wood with saturated steam on the particle size distribution of the sawing and milling process. Birch wood (Betula pendula Roth) is an excellent source to produce plywood boards. Wastes from mechanical processing of birch wood are suitable to produce composite materials. Granulometric analyses of chips from sawing processes on the PRW 15M frame saw,...
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Temperture-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) of Ni-Mo2CTx_Mo2Ga2C and Ni-Mo2CTx_Mo3AlC2 catalysts
Open Research DataThe dataset includes the data for the preparation of plots illustrating the reduction peaks versus the temperature of the catalyst sample.
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Review of hydrogen production technologies for automotive sector – thermodynamic analysis of energy and exergy losses
PublicationFew recent years has shown that hydrogen technology has a good chance to replace petroleum technology in automotive sector. However, hydrogen in pure form practically does not occur on Earth. That is why H2 form is used only as an energy carrier and it must be produced using another source of energy form water or hydrocarbon fuels. In this paper short overview of hydrogen production technology has been presented, with energy and...
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Metoda diagnostyki cieplno-przepływowej turbin parowych wykorzystująca elementy algorytmów genetycznych
PublicationRozprawa doktorska poświęcona jest opisowi budowania metody diagnostyki cieplno-przepływowej z wykorzystaniem elementów algorytmów genetycznych. Do tworzenia założeń i algorytmów metody posłużono się przykładem funkcjonowania bloku elektrowni kondensacyjnej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem układu łopatkowego turbiny parowej. Celem pracy jest zbudowanie metody diagnostyki cieplno-przepływowej. Zadaniem metody jest przeprowadzenie procesu...
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Zygfryd Domachowski prof. dr hab. inż.
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Cyanogenic Compounds and Estrogen Disruptors
PublicationBalanced diet consists largely of plants containing cyanogenic compounds in the form of the more common cyanogenic glycosides and sometimes lipids. Maize, wheat, rye, apples, barley, oats, sugar cane and yet many other plants consumed by humans contain cyanogenic compounds. However the risk of poisoning is negligible as it is very easy to remove the toxic HCN by grinding and drying in air or soaking in water and an additional...
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Comprehensive study on graphene hydrogels and aerogels synthesis and their ability of gold nanoparticles adsorption
PublicationGraphene hydrogels were prepared by ascorbic acid-assisted gelation of graphene oxide (GO) aqueous suspensions both in acidic and basic conditions. Different mass ratio of ascorbic acid (AA) to GO was used (namely 20:1 and 10:1). In order to eliminate the influence of AA on the final structure of hydrogels, samples without AA were prepared by a hydrothermal gelation of GO in an autoclave. An in-depth structural characterization...
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WSPÓŁPRACA BLOKU GAZOWO-PAROWEGO Z OBIEGIEM ORC = Combinded power plant in cooperation with ORC
PublicationIn the paper presented is the idea of a combined gas and steam power plant cooperation with a low temperature organic Rankine cycle ORC unit. Considerations presented in the paper are accomplished for the Gorzów CHP. The intention of present analysis is heat recovery of low temperature energy and its further use in ORC cycle in order to produce electricity, without increase in fuel consumption. Waste energy is recovered from the...
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Increase of power and efficiency of the 900 MW supercritical power plant through incorporation of the ORC
PublicationThe objective of the paper is to analyse thermodynamical and operational parameters of the supercritical power plant with reference conditions as well as following the introduction of the hybrid system incorporating ORC. In ORC the upper heat source is a stream of hot water from the system of heat recovery having temperature of 90 °C, which is additionally aided by heat from the bleeds of the steam turbine. Thermodynamical analysis...
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The dynamic performance analysis of the Micro-turbine's rotor supparted on slide and roling element bearings
PublicationThis article presents the results of investigations of dynamic characteristics of a small-dimension rotor with slide and rolling element bearings. The object of investigations was the rotor-bearing system designed for the ORC based low-power steam micro-turbine. The investigations were performed using MESWIR series programs, as well as commercial FEA software ABAQUS and MADYN 2000. The results of modal analysis of the micro-rotor...
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Development of a spray-ejector condenser for the use in a negative CO2 emission gas power plant
PublicationOne promising solution for developing low-emission power technologies is using gaseous fuel combustion in pure oxygen when the exhaust gas mixture is composed of H2O and CO2, and where CO2 is separated after steam condensation. The paper presents the results of computational analyses providing to the Spray-Ejector Condenser (SEC) development, which is one of the crucial components of the negative CO2 gas power plant (nCO2PP) cycle...
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Thermodynamic analysis of the double Brayton cycle with the use of oxy combustion and capture of CO2
PublicationIn this paper, thermodynamic analysis of a proposed innovative double Brayton cycle with the use of oxy combustion and capture of CO2, is presented. For that purpose, the computation flow mechanics (CFM) approach has been developed. The double Brayton cycle (DBC) consists of primary Brayton and secondary inverse Brayton cycle. Inversion means that the role of the compressor and the gas turbine is changed and firstly we have expansion...
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THE PROPERTIES OF NANOSILVER – DOPED NANOHYDROXYAPATITE COATING ON THE Ti13Zr13Nb ALLOY
PublicationThe aim of this research was to study the properties of nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHAp) and nanohydroxyapatite, doped with nanosilver (nanoHAp/nanoAg), coatings obtained by an electrophoretic deposition process. The suspensions was prepared by dispersing 0.1 g of HAp nanopowder for nanoHAp coatings and 0.1 g of nanoHAp and 0.025 g nanoAg for nanoHAp/nanoAg coatings. The deposition was carried out for 1 min at 50 V voltage followed...
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A review: Fabrication of porous polyurethane scaffolds
PublicationThe aim of tissue engineering is the fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds that can be used for the reconstruction and regeneration of damaged or deformed tissues and organs. A wide variety of techniques have been developed to create either fibrous or porous scaffolds from polymers, metals, composite materials and ceramics. However, the most promising materials are biodegradable polymers due to their comprehensive mechanical...
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New insights on lithium storage in silicon oxycarbide/carbon composites: Impact of microstructure on electrochemical properties
PublicationIn this work, we study the impact of the preceramic precursor vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) on the electrochemical performance of silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) glass/graphite composites. We apply an innovative approach based on high-power ultrasounds in order to obtain highly homogenous composites with a uniform distribution of small graphitic flakes. This procedure enhances gelation and drying of VTES-based preceramic polymer/graphite...
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Coffee silverskin as a potential bio-based antioxidant for polymer materials: Brief review
PublicationCoffee silverskin is one of the by-products generated by the coffee industry. Although it is not the most burdensome one, because it stands only for ~4.2 wt % of coffee, it seems like an auspicious raw material for industrial processes. Coffee silverskin is characterized by a relatively low moisture content of ~5–7%, so it often does not require quite energy-consuming drying processes. The chemical composition of coffee silverskin,...
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Microencapsulation of fish oil – determination of optimal wall material and encapsulation methodology
PublicationFor the first time, we present a meta-analysis of experimental and literature data to determine which microencapsulation methodology, and which wall material are best suited to protect fish oil. Our analysis covered a period of several decades of research (1984–2018). The analysis was conducted on 196 literature data-points, and 16 data-points determined experimentally for this publication. PLS regression was used to determine...