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wyświetlamy 1000 najlepszych wyników Pomoc
Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: FT-IR SPECTRA
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The silver layers in fiber-optic sensors
PublikacjaIn this paper a method of application of the silver layers on the surface of an optical fiber was proposed. The optical properties and surface quality of the silver layer was examined by optical microscopy. The reflection and transmission of the sample were investigated. To evaluate the silver mirror it was placed in a fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometer and the quality of the spectra was analyzed. The commercial mirror was...
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Refractive index measurement in the range of 1.3 – 1.5 for 1550 nm wavelength (2nd serie)
Dane BadawczeThe low-coherence refractive index measurements of certified liquid samples provided by Cargille Labs were performed. The measurement system consisted of a broadband light source (central wavelength of 1550 nm), an optical spectrum analyzer, a 2x1 fiber-optic coupler (50:50 power split), and single-mode telecommunication optical fibers. A micromechanical...
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Refractive index measurement in the range of 1.3 – 1.5 for 1550 nm wavelength (1st serie)
Dane BadawczeThe low-coherence refractive index measurements of certified liquid samples provided by Cargille Labs were performed. The measurement system consisted of a broadband light source (central wavelength of 1550 nm), an optical spectrum analyzer, a 2x1 fiber-optic coupler (50:50 power split), and single-mode telecommunication optical fibers. A micromechanical...
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The luminescence study of Bi-doped Cs2AgInCl6 double perovskite.
Dane BadawczeHere, we report a halide precursor acid precipitation method to synthesize Cs2AgIn1−xBixCl6 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64, and 1) microcrystals. Cs2AgInCl6 and Bi derivative double perovskites show broadband white light emission via self-trapped excitons (STEs) and have achieved the highest internal quantum efficiency of up to 52.4% at...
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Oxygen partial pressure and temperature dependence of R-CPE1 resistance of symmetrical porous SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode on CGO substrate
Dane BadawczeThis dataset contains values of equivalent circuit element R-CPE1 resistance at different temperatures (800 °C, 700 °C, 600 °C and 500 °C) and oxygen partial pressures (100%, 80%, 50% 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, and 0.3% pO2) of symmetrical SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode sintered at 800 °C. This values were obtained by fitting each measured impedance...
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Oxygen partial pressure and temperature dependence of R-CPE2 frequency of symmetrical porous SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode on CGO substrate
Dane BadawczeThis dataset contains values of equivalent circuit element R-CPE2 frequency at different temperatures (800 °C, 700 °C, 600 °C and 500 °C) and oxygen partial pressures (100%, 80%, 50% 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, and 0.3% pO2) of symmetrical SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode sintered at 800 °C. This values were obtained by fitting each measured impedance...
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Oxygen partial pressure and temperature dependence of R-CPE1 capacity of symmetrical porous SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode on CGO substrate
Dane BadawczeThis dataset contains values of equivalent circuit element R-CPE1 capacity at different temperatures (800 °C, 700 °C, 600 °C and 500 °C) and oxygen partial pressures (100%, 80%, 50% 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, and 0.3% pO2) of symmetrical SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode sintered at 800 °C. This values were obtained by fitting each measured impedance...
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Oxygen partial pressure and temperature dependence of R-CPE1 frequency of symmetrical porous SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode on CGO substrate
Dane BadawczeThis dataset contains values of equivalent circuit element R-CPE1 frequency at different temperatures (800 °C, 700 °C, 600 °C and 500 °C) and oxygen partial pressures (100%, 80%, 50% 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, and 0.3% pO2) of symmetrical SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode sintered at 800 °C. This values were obtained by fitting each measured impedance...
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Oxygen partial pressure and temperature dependence of R-CPE2 resistance of symmetrical porous SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode on CGO substrate
Dane BadawczeThis dataset contains values of equivalent circuit element R-CPE2 resistance at different temperatures (800 °C, 700 °C, 600 °C and 500 °C) and oxygen partial pressures (100%, 80%, 50% 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, and 0.3% pO2) of symmetrical SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode sintered at 800 °C. This values were obtained by fitting each measured impedance...
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Oxygen partial pressure and temperature dependence of R-CPE2 capacity of symmetrical porous SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode on CGO substrate
Dane BadawczeThis dataset contains values of equivalent circuit element R-CPE2 capacity at different temperatures (800 °C, 700 °C, 600 °C and 500 °C) and oxygen partial pressures (100%, 80%, 50% 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, and 0.3% pO2) of symmetrical SrTi0.30Fe0.70O3 electrode sintered at 800 °C. This values were obtained by fitting each measured impedance...
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Badania spektroskopowe wybranych silanotiolanów metali o budowie polimerycznej
PublikacjaPodjęto próby otrzymania tri-tert-butoksysilanotiolanowych kompleksów niklu(II), kobaltu(II), cynku(II) i kadmu(II) o budowie polimerycznej mogących pełnić rolę prekursorów w syntezie materiałów funkcjonalnych. W tym celu przeprowadzono syntezy odpowiednich silanotiolanowych metali z grupą diamin alifatycznych. Otrzymano szereg nowych obojętnych polimerów koordynacyjnych o budowie przestrzennej typu 1D. Dla siedmiu z nich zostały...
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Diagnozowanie systemów ochrony katodowej techniką spektroskopii impedancyjnej
PublikacjaZaprezentowano wyniki badań wykonywanych techniką elektrochemicznej spektroskopii impedancyjnej (EIS) na elementach instalacji ochrony katodowej podziemnego rurociągu stalowego. Przedstawiono widma impedancyjne układów rurociąg-elektrody odniesienia (stacjonarne i przenośne). Wykazano, że przy pomocy EIS można zbadać stan techniczny elektrod odniesienia, co pozwala określić wiarygodność wyników pomiarów potencjału chronionej konstrukcji....
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Obtaining of coumarone-indene resins based on light fraction of coal tar 2. Coumarone-indene resins with epoxy groups
PublikacjaCoumarone-indene resins (CIR) with carboxy groups were synthesized via cooligomerization of unsaturated compounds presented in light fraction of coal tar and its fraction boiling out within 423–463 K with the addition of such industrial monomers as styrene, maleic anhydride, glycidyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid. 2,2`-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) in the form of 0.2 M solution in toluene was used as an initiator. The effect...
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Spectroscopic study of atmospheric pressure 915 MHz microwave plasma at high argon flow rate
PublikacjaIn this paper results of optical emission spectroscopic (OES) study of atmospheric pressure microwave 915 MHz argon plasma are presented. The plasma was generated in microwave plasma source (MPS) cavity- resonant type. The aim of research was determination of electron excitation temperature Texc gas temperature Tg and electron number density ne. All experimental tests were performed with a gas flow rate of 100 and 200 l/min and...
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Niobate in silicate and phosphate glasses: Effect of glass basicity on crucible dissolution
PublikacjaUsing niobium crucibles for melting phosphate and silicate glasses of various modifier oxide contents, and therefore varying optical basicity (Λ), was found to result in varying dissolution rates of niobate during melting. Because of their high electronic polarizability, even small concentrations of niobates are detectable in the Raman spectra of glasses. Even less than 1 mol% Nb2O5 can be identified, as independently confirmed...
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Raman investigation of the patina layers on Hungarian copper ingots from a fifteenth century shipwreck
PublikacjaWe report results of the patina study of underwater archeological finding ofmedieval copper objects performed by means of the Raman and complementary spectroscopic techniques. The objects were found submerged in the sea as cargo part of the ship which sunk in the Gulf of Gdańsk in 1408. The excavated collection consists of 230 oval ingots of the size and mass up to about 60 cm and 18 kg (total of 2 tons), respectively. In the Raman...
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Quenching effects in organic electroluminescence
PublikacjaWe examine various electronic processes that underlie the quenching of the emission from highly efficient phosphorescent and electrophosphorescent organic solid-state molecular systems. As an example, we study the luminescent efficiencies from the phosphorescent iridium (III) complex, fac tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium [(Ir (ppy)3] doped into a diamine derivative doped polycarbonate hole-transporting matrix and in the form...
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Dynamic Nanoimpedance Characterization of the Atomic Force Microscope Tip-Surface Contact
PublikacjaNanoimpedance measurements, using the dynamic impedance spectroscopy technique, were carried out during loading and unloading force of a probe on three kinds of materials of different resistivity. These materials were: gold, boron-doped diamond, and AISI 304 stainless steel. Changes of impedance spectra versus applied force were registered and differences in the tip-to-sample contact character on each material were revealed. To...
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PROBLEMS WITH CORROSION PROTECTION STEEL STACKS IN FGD SYSTEMS
PublikacjaThis paper presents problems associated with corrosion of steel stacks and changes in philosophy of corrosion protection when implemented into flue gas desulphurization systems. In-situ tests were taken by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at a stack which discharges flue gas before wet lime/limestone desulphurization. A very rapid soaking of spherical infill vinylester coating with electrolyte has been observed....
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Electron energy-loss spectroscopy of excited states of the pyridine molecules
PublikacjaElectron energy-loss spectra of the pyridine, C5H5N, molecules in the gas phase have been measured to investigate electronic excitation in the energy range 3.5–10 eV. The applied wide range of residual electron energy and the scattering angle range from 10 ◦ to 180 ◦ enabled to differentiate between optically-allowed and -forbidden transitions. These measurements have allowed vertical excitation energies of the triplet excited...
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The AFM micrographs and impedance study of epoxy coatings after exposure in corrosive media
Dane BadawczeThe dataset contains Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images and local impedance measurements of epoxy organic coating used as anti-corrosion protection, before and after 2-month exposure to sodium chloride solution. Additionally, there two local impedance spectra recorded after the coating exposure. The first one was recorded on intact coating surface,...
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Optical measurements of lithium titanate sol-gel derived thin films
Dane BadawczeNanocrystalline thin films with 800 nm thickness were prepared by sol–gel method. To examine the influence of the annealing time on as-prepared films crystallization, the coatings were heated at 550 °C for 10, 20 and 80 h. On the basis of transmission characteristic optical properties were calculated. It was found that transmission through the thin...
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Obtaining of Coumarone-Indene Resins Based on Light Fraction of Coal Tar. 4. Bitumen-Polymer Blends with Participation of Coumarone-Indene Resins with Epoxy Groups
PublikacjaUsing light fraction of coal tar (5.75 wt % of coumarone and 44.45 wt % of indene), glycidyl methacrylate and styrene, the coumarone-indene resin with epoxy groups (CIRE) has been synthesized. Monoperoxy derivative of diglycidyl ether Bisphenol A (PO) was used as an initiator. The possible formation of CIRE has been studied on the model systems consisting of PO, glycidyl methacrylate, indene or coumarone, or styrene, or mixture...
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OBTAINING OF COUMARONE-INDENE RESINS BASED ON LIGHT FRACTION OF COAL TAR 3. COUMARONE-INDENE RESINS WITH METHACRYLIC FRAGMENTS
PublikacjaThe method for obtaining coumarone-indene resins with methacrylic fragments (CIRM) was developed with the addition of methyl ethacrylate, using a light fraction of coal tar and its fraction boiling within 423–463 К. CIRM was obtained via radical cooligomerization using 2,2'-azobis (2-methyl-propionitrile) as the initiator. The effect of the initiator amount, temperature and reaction time on the yield, softening temperature and...
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Tailoring of SiOC composition as a way to better performing anodes for Li-ion batteries
PublikacjaPolymer derived silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramics are investigated as potential anodes for lithiumion batteries. Different SiOC ceramics are prepared by pyrolysis (1000 °C and 1400 °C under controlled argon atmosphere) of polysiloxanes ceramic precursors. Preceramic polymers are synthesized using the sol–gel method. Phenyltriethoxysilane (PhTES) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) have been used as starting precursors and mixed with...
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Electronic conductivity in the SiO2-PbO-Fe2O3 glass containing magnetic nanostructures
PublikacjaThe linear impedance spectra of iron–silicate–lead glass samples were measured in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 1 MHz and in the temperature range from 153 K to 423 K. The structure was investigated by means of XRD and atomic force microscopy. Local electrical and magnetic properties of the samples were tested with the aid of electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The obtained results show...
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Three modes of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements performed on vanadium redox flow battery
PublikacjaThis article presents an innovative approach to monitor working redox flow batteries using dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, diverging from the commonly sequential impedance methods carried out under potentiostatic or galvanostatic conditions close to the open circle voltage. The authors introduce a fresh variation of dynamic impedance measurement that leverages an amplitude-modulated multi-frequency alternating current...
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N-doped carbon nanospheres as selective fluorescent probes for mercury detection in contaminated aqueous media: chemistry, fluorescence probing, cell line patterning, and liver tissue interaction
PublikacjaA precise nano-scale biosensor was developed here to detect Hg2+ in aqueous media. Nitrogen-doped carbon nanospheres (NCS) created from the pyrolysis of melamine–formaldehyde resin were characterized by FESEM, XRD, Raman spectra, EDS, PL, UV–vis spectra, and N2 adsorption–desorption, and were used as a highly selective and sensitive probe for detecting Hg2+ in aqueous media. The sensitivity of NCS to Hg2+ was evaluated by photoluminescence...
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Nickel Oxide Thin Film Sensor for Fluctuation-Enhanced Gas Sensing of Formaldehyde
PublikacjaNanocrystalline nickel-oxide-based thin films were prepared by advanced reactive gas deposition, and the response of these films to formaldehyde was studied by fluctuationenhanced sensing. Morphological and structural analyses showed porous deposits of nickel oxide particles with face-centered cubic structure. Resistance fluctuations were measured upon exposure to ethanol, formaldehyde and methane at 200 °C. Power density spectra...
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Electrical properties of hybrid planar diode based on palladium phthalocyanine and titanium dioxide
PublikacjaThis work details experimental studies of a planar diode made of indium tin oxide/titanium dioxide/palladium phthalocyanine/gold. The rectification ratio of current was 105 at 1.5 V. The analysis of the electrical properties of the system was based on small signal complex capacitance spectra measured in the frequency range of 25 Hz-1 MHz at different values of bias. No depletion region at the TiO2/PdPc interface was observed. Forward...
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Optical Magnetometry Based on Nanodiamonds with Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers
PublikacjaNitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond are a very promising medium for many sensing applications such as magnetometry and thermometry. In this work, we study nanodiamonds deposited from a suspension onto glass substrates. Fluorescence and optically detected magnetic resonance spectra recorded with the dried-out nanodiamond ensembles are presented and a suitable scheme for tracking the magnetic-field value using a continuous...
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Electron energy-loss spectroscopy of excited states of the diazine molecules: Pyridazine
PublikacjaExcitation of the valence electronic states of the pyridazine molecules in the gas phase have been studied using the technique of electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Varying the electron scattering conditions, the residual electron energy and scattering angle, enabled the optically-allowed and -forbidden excitations to be differentiated. The measured energy-loss spectra enabled the vertical excitation energies of the observed states...
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Assessment of copper surface coverage with corrosion inhibitor using AFM-based local electrical measurements
PublikacjaThe paper presents a new method of assessment of metal surface coverage with corrosion inhibitor and thus of inhibitor protective performance. It is based on the atomic force microscopy measurement performed in a contact mode. Apart from topography images the proposed approach allows acquisition of local DC maps and local electrical impedance spectra via application of DC bias voltage or AC perturbation signal between the conductive...
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XRD, DTA and luminescence measurements of B2O3-Bi2O3-AlF3 glasses doped with Eu3+, Tb3+ and Tm3+ ions
Dane BadawczeThe DataSet contains the XRD,DTA and luminescence measurements for the B2O3-Bi2O3-AlF3 glass system. Samples were prepared by the conventional melt quenching technique. Starting materials were melted in porcelain crucibles at 950 oC for 20 min. XRD and DTA data were collected for 50B2O3-50Bi2O3,45B2O3-45Bi2O3+10AlF3 and 40B2O3-40Bi2O3+20AlF3 glasses....
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Results of nanoindentation, XRD and microscopic studies of bacterial cellulose
Dane BadawczeThe archive contains the results of research on BNC bacterial biocellulose, which was modified in two ways. When BNC was synthesized, it was subjected to in situ modification involving the addition of hyuloronic acid to the bacterial medium. The second way of ex situ modification consisted of soaking the BNC in water and then convectionally drying it...
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Electrical and noise responses of Graphene-Silicon Schottky diodes decorated with Au nanoparticles for light-enhanced sensing of organic gases
Dane BadawczeGraphene-Silicon Schottky junctions decorated with Au nanoparticles were used for light-enhanced detection of organic tetrahydrofuran and chloroform. Au nanoparticles exhibited localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the range of yellow light; thus yellow LED (wavelength of 592 nm) was utilized to induce the plasmonic effect, that increased the...
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Change of exhaust gases concentration for SOFC fueled by H2 and biogas mixture at 750 C
Dane BadawczeThe dataset contains the Change of exhaust gases concentration for SOFC fueled by H2 (for 12h) and biogas mixture at 750 C (60:40 CH4:CO2). The outlet concentration of the gases from SOFC were measured using novel FTIR-based unit.
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Investigation of photothermolysis therapy of human skin diseases using optical phantoms
PublikacjaDermatological diseases, such as neurofibroma (Recklinghausen disease) or hemangiomas can be efficiently treated using photothermolysis from laser irradiation. We have utilized a developed 975 nm fiber diode laser as a low-cost alternative over common Nd:YAG lasers. This paper describes the investigations of interaction of 975 nm diode laser radiation-pulses with optical skin phantoms which were designed and manufactured in our...
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N-alkyl derivatives of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose
PublikacjaMono- i di-N-alkilowe pochodne 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetylo-2-amino-2-deoksy-beta-D-glukozy (alkil = metyl, etyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heksyl, benzyl) otrzymano w wyniku redukcyjnej alkilacji per-O-acetylo-D-glukozaminy. (N-etylo, N-propylo, N-butylo, N-pentylo, N-heksylo)-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetylo-2-amino-2-deoksy-beta-D-glukozy deacetylowano w celu podjęcia prób enzymatycznej fosforylacji. Wszystkie produkty scharakteryzowano za pomocą...
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EIS in diagnostic of cathodic protection systems
PublikacjaZaprezentowano wyniki badań wykonywanych techniką elektrochemicznej spektro-skopiiimpedancyjnej (EIS) na elementach instalacji ochrony katodowej podziemnego rurociągu stalowego. Przedstawiono widma impedancyjne następujących układów: elektroda odniesienia/elektrody pomocnicze; rurociąg/zakopane i przenośne elektrody odniesienia. Wykazano, że przy pomocy prezentowanej techniki można zbadać stan techniczny elektrod odniesienia, co...
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Exploring the Reactivity of Unsymmetrical Diphosphanes toward Heterocumulenes: Access to Phosphanyl and Phosphoryl Derivatives of Amides, Imines, and Iminoamides
PublikacjaWe present a comprehensive study on the diphosphanation of iso(thio)cyanates by unsymmetrical diphosphanes. The reactions involving unsymmetrical diphosphanes and phenyl isocyanate or phenyl thioisocyanate gave rise to phosphanyl, phosphoryl, and thiophosphoryl derivatives of amides, imines, and iminoamides. The structures of the diphosphanation products were confirmed through NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal...
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Extended investigation of performance-energy trade-offs under power capping in HPC environments
Publikacja—In the paper we present investigation of performance-energy trade-offs under power capping using modern processors. The results are presented for systems targeted at both server and client markets and were collected from Intel Xeon E5 and Intel Xeon Phi server processors as well as from desktop and mobile Intel Core i7 processors. The results, when using power capping, show that we can find various interesting combinations of...
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Optical properties of TeOx gels doped with a mix of rare-earth ions
Dane BadawczeThe DataSet contains the UV-Vis spectra of the TeOx gels doped with a mix of rare-earth ions. The material was obtained by the sol-gel method. The starting solution was prepared by mixing telluric acid (precursor) with thetraetylene glycol, water, and ethanol. Next, the different molar concentration of rare-earth ions was added, nitrates were used...
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Optical properties TeOx gels doped with the rare-earth ions
Dane BadawczeThe DataSet contains the UV-Vis spectra of TeOx gels doped with the rare-earth ions. The material was obtained by the sol-gel method. The starting solution was prepared by mixing telluric acid (precursor) with thetraetylene glycol, water, and ethanol. Next, the 5% mol of the rare-earth ions were added, the nitrates were used as a source of rare-earth...
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Tonality Estimation and Frequency Tracking of Modulated Tonal Components
PublikacjaA novel method for tonality estimation and frequency tracking of tonal components modulated in frequency and amplitude is presented. The algorithm detects the local maxima of magnitude spectra corresponding to three contiguous frames of a signal and matches them into the tonal track candidates. The magnitude-based and phase-based methods are used to estimate the frequency jumps between spectrum maxima belonging to the tonal track...
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Induction machine behavioral modeling for prediction of EMI propagation.
PublikacjaThis paper presents the results of wideband behavioral modeling of an induction machine (IM). The proposed solution enables modeling the IM differential- and common-mode impedance for a frequency range from 1 kHz to 10 MHz. Methods of parameter extraction are derived from the measured IM impedances. The developed models of 1.5 kW and 7.5 kW induction machines are designed using the Saber Sketch scheme editor and simulated in the...
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Optical method supported by machine learning for urinary tract infection detection and urosepsis risk assessment
PublikacjaThe study presents an optical method supported by machine learning for discriminating urinary tract infections from an infection capable of causing urosepsis. The method comprises spectra of spectroscopy measurement of artificial urine samples with bacteria from solid cultures of clinical E. coli strains. To provide a reliable classification of results assistance of 27 algorithms was tested. We proved that is possible to obtain...
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Cobalt(II) tri-tert-butoxysilanethiolates with bidentate spacer ligands
PublikacjaOtrzymano szereg nowych tri-tert-butoksysilanotiolanów Co(II) z dwudonorowymi N,N'-ligandami takimi jak pirazyna, chinoksalina i 4,4'-bipy. W przypadku pirazyny i chinoksaliny otrzymane kompleksy są bimetaliczne, w których atomy metali połączone są odpowiednią aminą. Użyty do syntezy 4,4'-bipy pozwolił na otrzymanie dwóch odmian polimorficznych kompleksu {[Co{SSi(tBuO)3}2]2(μ-4,4'bipy)}, a także polimeru koordynacyjnego o wzorze...
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Chemical structures and physical properties of cured segmental polyurethanes
PublikacjaPrzedmiotem badań były poliuretany (PUR) segmentowe otrzymywane w dwuetapowej syntezie oligomerycznego α,ω-dihydroksy(adypinianu etylenowo-butylenowego) oraz dwóch różnych aromatycznych diizocyjanianów: 4,4'-diizocyjanianu difenylenometanu (MDI) albo MDI modyfikowanego diizocyjanianem karbodiimidu. Na etapie przedłużania łańcucha, oprócz typowo używanego do tego celu 1,4-butanodiolu, stosowano triol - 1,3-dihydroksy-2-(hydroksymetyleno)propan...
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The effect of Sr and Mg substitutions on structure, mechanical properties and solubility of fluorapatite ceramics for biomedical applications
PublikacjaIonic substitutions play important role in the modifications of biological apatites. Recently, attention has been focused on the co-doping effects on the functional properties of apatite-based biomaterials. In this research work, the dense samples of fluorapatites, Ca10(PO4)6F2 and Ca8MgSr(PO4)6F2, were produced after sintering at 1250 °C for 6 h in air. Structural characterization carried out with XRD, IR, Raman and SEM, confirmed...