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Search results for: chemistry and technology of polyurethanes
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Metrics for green analytical chemistry
PublicationGreen analytical chemistry, although not being a new concept, does not have a greenness metrics system. Green chemistry metrics are not suitable for analytical procedure assessment because they often refer to the mass of the product. Some efforts have been made to develop suitable metrics for analytical chemistry. Some are simple to use but do not cover all aspects of analytical methods’ environmental impact. Others are more comprehensive...
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History and Milestones of Green Analytical Chemistry
PublicationDue to the increased environmental consciousness, Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) is an important concept steadily gaining popularity, as its implementation facilitates the decrease the detrimental effect analytical chemistry methodologies may have on the environment. In this chapter, a brief overview of the history of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and its milestones was given. Emphasis has been put on the beginnings of green...
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Polyurethanes as a Potential Medical-Grade Filament for Use in Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printers – a Brief Review
PublicationThe possibility of using 3D printing technology (3DP) in medical field is a kind of revolution in health care. This has contributed to a rapid growth in demand for 3D printers, whose systems and materials are adapted to strict medical requirements. In this paper, we report a brief review of polyurethanes as a potential medical-grade filament for use in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printer technology. The advantages of polyurethanes...
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Recycling of Polyurethanes Containing Flame-Retardants and Polymer Waste Transformed into Flame-Retarded Polyurethanes
PublicationThe growing number of polyurethanes (PUs) produced every year has developed methods for their mechanical and chemical recycling which yield valuable products like substitutes for commercial polyols or flame-retardants. PUs can be produced in different shapes and forms (i.e., elastomers, flexible or rigid foams, coatings, etc.) using several different components (i.e., di- or polyisocyanates, ester- or ether-based polyols, low-molecular...
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Green Analytical Chemistry: Summary of Existing Knowledge and Future Trends
PublicationAnalysis of recent publications in green analytical chemistry shows the current trends and future needs in this area. The main issues are related with search for cheaper, more efficient, more accurate, greener and miniaturized alternatives. Miniaturization is perhaps, the most notable current trend in analytical chemistry. Rapid developments and improvements in instrumentation have led to impressive range of benchtop technology...
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Green analytical chemistry as an integral part of sustainable education development
PublicationGreen chemistry is an important way of thinking in the field of chemistry and aims to conduct processes in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. It is the application of a wide range of principles that minimize the impact of both chemical processes and products on the environment. And what about analytical chemistry? Without a doubt, analytical chemistry plays an important role in the sustainable development...
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Polyurethanes modified with natural polymers for medical application. I. Polyurethanes/ Chitosan and polyurethane/collagen.
PublicationFor over three decades polyurethanes (PUR or PU) have been reported for application in a variety of medical devices. These polymers consist of hard and soft segments, which allow for more subtle control of their structure and properties. By varying the composition of the different segments, properties of PURcan be tuned up for use in many areas of medicine. Recently there is a great interest in modification of biomedical PUR with...
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Polyurethanes
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Green analytical chemistry : theory and practice
PublicationThis tutorial review summarises the current state of green analytical chemistry with special emphasis on environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques. Green analytical chemistry is a part of the sustainable development concept; its history and origins are described. Miniaturisation of analytical devices and shortening the time elapsing between performing analysis and obtaining reliable analytical results are important...
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Degradation of polyurethanes in Compost Under Natural Conditions
PublicationThe estimation of degradibility of different polyurethanes under natural weather depending conditions in compost pile was the subject of the studies. The incubation of polymer samples took place for a period up to 24 months. The characteristic parameters of the compost: temperature, pH, moisture content, and activity of dehydrogenasis were monitored and their influence on degradation of polyuiretahnes was discussed. The compostability...
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Renewable natural resources as green alternative substrates to obtain bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethanes-review
PublicationCommercially available polyurethanes are synthesized by the polyaddition of diisocyanates with polyols and low molecular weight chain extenders. A new approach to polyurethanes synthesis is realized via non-isocyanate routes. Negative impacts of petroleum-based chemicals on the environment and human health as well as gradual reduction of fuel-based resources, which leads to an increase in their prices, are an incentive to looking...
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Direct chromatographic methods in the context of green analytical chemistry
PublicationWe review analytical protocols based on gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC), but involving no sample preparation.Green analytical chemistry seeks to minimize negative impacts of analytical chemistry. Direct analytical methods ideally fulfillthis requirement, as they preclude sample preparation - the most polluting step of the analytical procedure.We describe examples of GC methodologies for environmental and food analysis...
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The role of analytical chemistry in the study of the Anthropocene
PublicationThe term “Anthropocene” refers to not yet formalized epoch of geologic time during which geologic processes have been dominated by the human impact. This impact takes on many forms. Biological, physical and chemical changes to the Earth System caused by anthropogenic activity are recorded in natural archives either as new fossil assemblages (neobiota), anthropogenic deposits or a wide variety of pollutants emitted to the environment....
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Biomedical Engineering at Gdansk University of Technology
PublicationShort history of education in Biomedical Engineering at Gdansk University of Technology is presented. The last initiative- implementation of the new programme, Biomedical Engineering - an interfaculty direction of study, supported by a grantfinanced by the European Social Fund is presented. Curricula of four specializations: Chemistry in Medicine, run by the Facultyof Chemistry; Electronics in Medicine and Informatics in Medicine,...
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Thermoplastic polyurethanes with glycolysate intermediates from polyurethane waste recycling
PublicationThe polyol is a major component in polyurethane formulations and therefore introducing to the formulation recycled polyol (obtained during decomposition process) allows decreasing the usage of pure petrochemical components. In this work, thermoplastic polyurethanes were prepared using various mixtures of a petrochemical macrodiol poly(ethylene-butylene adipate)diol (PEBA) and a recycled glycolysate intermediate, called glycolysate...
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Thermal and mechanical properties of polyurethanes modified with L-ascorbic acid
PublicationIn this study we report the thermal and mechanical properties of polyurethanes modified with ascorbic acid (AA). Ascorbic acid was used as a modifier at concentration of 1 or 2 mass%. The antioxidative properties of AA may improve the biocompatibility of the obtained materials, which were designed for biomedical applications. In this paper we describe characterization of obtained unmodified and ascorbic acid modified polyurethanes...
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The structure of novel polyurethanes containing synthetic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate]
PublicationThe aim of this study was to estimate the structure of new polyurethanes with the potential to be used in medicine. Atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate], obtained via a ring-opening polymerization, and polycaprolactonediol or polyoxytetramethylenediol were used to built the soft segments. 4,4'-methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol were the components to form hard segments. Polyurethanes with low-molecular weight...
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Gelatin-Modified Polyurethanes for Soft Tissue Scaffold
PublicationRecently, in the field of biomaterials, which are being designed for soft tissue scaffolding, is growing the interest of their modification with natural polymers. Synthetic polymers are often hard, not easy to process and they do not possess fine biodegradable profile. From the other hand natural polymers are biocompatible, but weak when used alone. The combination of natural and synthetic polymers gives the suitable properties...
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The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry and the SIGNIFICANCE mnemonic of green analytical practices
PublicationThe current rapid development of green analytical chemistry (GAC) requires clear, concise guidelines in the form of GAC principles that will be helpful in greening laboratory practices. The existing principles of green chemistry and green engineering need revision for their use in GAC because they do not fully meet the needs of analytical chemistry. In this article we propose a set of 12 principles consisting of known concepts...
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Green analytical chemistry metrics: A review
PublicationGreen analytical chemistry encourages reducing the use of toxic chemicals/reagents, using energy-efficient equipment, and generating minimal waste. The recent trends in analytical method development focus on the miniaturization of the sample preparation devices, the development of solventless or solvent-minimized extraction techniques, and the utilization of less toxic solvents. The twelve principles of GAC serve as a basic guideline...
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Metal-Organic Frameworks in Green Analytical Chemistry
PublicationTaking into consideration the rapid expansion of MOFs applications in the analytical chemistry area, it is important to evaluate the existing and future analytical MOF-based methods according to GAC principles. From this point of view, eco-friendly MOFs-based methods should include features such as: green design and synthesis of MOF, evaluation of toxicity issues of MOFs, and incorporation of MOFs in GAC methods. This Chapter will...
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The 15th Workshop on Progress in Trace Metal Speciation for Environmental Analytical Chemistry
PublicationArtykuł jest sprawozdaniem z konferencji TRACESPEC - the 15th Workshop on progress in trace Metal Speciation for Environmental Analytical Chemistry, ktora odbyla sie we wrzesniu 2016 na Politechnice Gdańskiej. W artykule przedstawiono głowne cele i załozenia konferencji oraz opisano program naukowy.
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Degradibility in vitro of polyurethanes based on synthetic atactic poly[)R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate
PublicationThe aim of the paper was to determine the degradibility of aliphatic polyurethanes in hydrolytic and oxidative solutions. DSC, GPC, density, polymer surface morphology were studied.
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Chemometrics approaches to green analytical chemistry procedure development
PublicationChemometric tools are widely used in analytical chemistry for the reduction of data dimensionality, grouping of variables and processing of analytical signals. They have also the potential to be applied in analytical procedure development with the aim of minimizing the procedure’s environmental impact. The design of experiment gives the possibility to obtain much better information on the system response than in case of “changing...
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Non-isocyanate Polyurethanes
PublicationThe main aim of this chapter is to present a general overview of the NIPU synthesis method (i.e., polycondensation and polyaddition), and to describe structure and properties of selected intermediates and final polymeric products. The focus is on five-membered ring cyclic carbonate intermediates, which were obtained by cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to selected glycidyl ethers and thiol-ene coupling of unsaturated cyclic carbonates...
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Mussel‐inspired biomaterials: From chemistry to clinic
PublicationAfter several billions of years, nature still makes decisions on its own to identify, develop, and direct the most effective material for phenomena/challenges faced. Likewise, and inspired by the nature, we learned how to take steps in developing new technologies and materials innovations. Wet and strong adhesion by Mytilidae mussels (among which Mytilus edulis—blue mussel and Mytilus californianus—California mussel are the most...
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Green Chemistry in Higher Education: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends
PublicationNowadays, there is increasing interest in global sustainability, and thus, university students would like to know how human actions affect the health status of our planet. This is mainly due to their basic knowledge of problems such as global warming and greenhouse gases. Students would like to gain knowledge on how to safeguard the earth for future generations. This must involve changes in education programs at interested institutions...
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Effect of hydroxylated soybean oil and bio-based propanediol on the structure and thermal properties of synthesized bio-polyurethanes
PublicationThe aim of this work was to obtain bio-polyurethanes using synthetic compounds and bio-components, i.e. bio-glycols. Bio-polyurethanes were prepared by means of the prepolymer method. Prepolymers were synthesized from 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and a polyol mixture containing 75% by weight of commercial polyether and 25% by weight of hydroxylated soybean oils (H2 or H3), the latter being obtained in the reaction with...
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Green analytical chemistry introduction to chloropropanols determination at no economic and analytical performance costs?
PublicationIn this study we perform ranking of analytical procedures for 3-monochloropopane-1,2-diol determination in soy sauces with PROMETHEE method. Multicriteria decision analysis was performed for three different scenarios – metrological, economic and environmental, by application different weights to decision making criteria. All three scenarios indicate capillary electrophoresis – based procedure as the most preferable. Apart from...
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Bioassays as one of the Green Chemistry tools for assessing environmental quality: A review
PublicationFor centuries, mankind has contributed to irreversible environmental changes, but due to the modern science of recent decades, scientists are able to assess the scale of this impact. The introduction of laws and standards to ensure environmental cleanliness requires comprehensive environmental monitoring, which should also meet the requirements of Green Chemistry. The broad spectrum of Green Chemistry principle applications should...
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Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Microporous Polyurethanes Modified with Reduced Graphene Oxide
PublicationMicroporous polyurethanes (MPU) were modified by adding 0.25%–1.25 wt% of reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The materials were prepared without solvent via in situ polymerization. From a technological point of view, it is very important to obtain functional materials by using reacting compounds only. The thermal characteristics of obtained MPU were investigated using TGA, DSC, and DMA techniques. In comparison to nonmodified microporous...
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Comparison of disk and tube methods for estimation of biostatic properties of polyurethanes based on synthetic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate
PublicationThe influence of novel aliphatic polyurethanes on growth of Staphyloccocus aureus (SA)in the around of polymer samples has been estimated by disk method. It was staed that the growth of SA was inhibited.The influence of polyurethanes on planctonic Staphyloccocus aureus was also pefrormed by tube method. In this test the slight decrease of bacteria concentration was noticed.
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Cast polyurethanes obtained from reactive recovered polyol intermediates via crude glycerine decomposition process
PublicationIn this work, the possibility of applying intermediates from polyurethane waste recycling in polyurethane synthesis was presented. Polyurethanes were synthesised in a two-step method using a mixture of petrochemical polyol and glycerolysate, used as a reactive component, 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-buthanediol (BD). Glycerolysates were produced during decomposition of polyurethane elastomer by crude glycerine...
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Knowledge and technology transfer in the Center for Scientific and Technical Information of the Wrocław University of Technology
PublicationKnowledge and Technology Transfer between a university and economic operators affects innovation and growth of competitiveness, as well as the development of a knowledge-based society. In the structures of Wroclaw University of Technology, regarded as one of the best and the most innovative technical universities in Poland, a number of units responsible for a wide understanding cooperation with the economy have been established....
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Investigation of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Synthesized via Two Different Prepolymers
PublicationThe man aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the molecular weight of polyols, mixture of prepolymers, and [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio used during the prepolymer chain extending step on the chemical structure, thermomechanical and mechanical properties, and thermal stability of thermoplastic poly(ether-urethane)s In this work thermoplastic poly(ether-urethane)s were synthesized by using polyols with a various molecular weight,...
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Dew Formation and Chemistry Near a Motorway in Poland
PublicationIn this study, the influence of traffic intensity on dewformation efficiency and chemistry is presented. The measurementswere conducted near the A4 motorway in SW Poland in almost flatland relief with intense agricultural activity. The dew/hoarfrost wascollected by means of insulated plain passive radiative condensersat three sites: AN and AS located in the close vicinity of themotorway (30 m) on the opposite sides of the road,...
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Thermoplastic polyurethanes derived from petrochemical or renewable resources: A comprehensive review
PublicationThermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) materials are obtained by the reaction of polyol (ether-, ester-, and carbonate-based diols with average molecular weight in the range from 1,000 to 3,000 g/mol) with aliphatic or aromatic diisocyanates. Synthesized materials consist of the hard and soft segments which are separated in different level. All mechanical and thermal properties of TPUs depend on the chemical structure of used monomers,...
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Novel Research on Biomedical Polyurethanes
PublicationThe variety of mechanical properties characterizes properly designed PURs. They may be biocompatible and reveal compatibility with blood, making them attractive materials for the fabrication of tissue scaffolds; however, like all synthetic materials, PURs don’t reveal sufficient biocompatibility. PURs may undergo certain chemical modifications (e.g., 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-D-sorbitol, ascorbic acid (AA), growth factors, covering with...
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Degradation of polyurethanes in sea water
PublicationOceniono degradowalność różnych poliuretanów w wodzie morskiej Bałtyku. Porównano te dane z wynikami stopnia degradacji poliuretanów w wodzie morskiej z dodatkiem azydku sosowego. Ocenę stopnia degradacji przeprowadzano na podstawie pomiarów zmian masy, właściwości mechanicznych i morfologii przed i po procesie degradacji. Wykazano, że różna podatność na degradację poliuretanów w wodzie morskiej związana jest z ich odmiennym stopniem...
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Study of Aliphatic Polyurethanes by the Low-Field 1H NMR Relaxometry Method with the Inversion of the Integral Transformation
PublicationIn this paper, the distributions of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times are used to characterize the mobility of different sections of macromolecules of aliphatic polyurethanes and the cross-linking density of polymer chains. The NMR relaxometry method with inversion of integral transformation is applied to study the effect of poly (ethylene glycol) and glycerol phosphate calcium...
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Application of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in analytical chemistry
PublicationRecent years have been associated with efforts to reduce the impact on the natural environment. A greener approach has been introduced in various areas of science, including analytical chemistry. One of the basic procedures for preparing a sample for analysis is its extraction. Traditional methods involve the use of large amounts of organic compounds, often toxic, with an unfavorable impact on the environment. A representative...
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Introduction to Green Chemistry, by Albert Matlack
PublicationTemat tzw. ''zielonej chemii'' zyskuje coraz większą uwagę dlatego też wiekszośc uczelni skupia się na jego znaczeniu. Media coraz częściej podejmują ten temat i dzięki temu następuje powolny ale stopniowy wzrost świadomości społeczeństwa dlatego też skomentowana ksiązka wypełnia pustkę w klasycznej literaturze chemicznej.
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Virtual reality technology in architectural education
PublicationContemporary virtual reality (VR) technology allows the recreation of non-existent architectural objects of which there may be no trace remaining. Virtual reality applications allow access to digital models, which visualise the lost architecture. The popularity of VR has resulted in it being applied not only to computer games, but also in visualising the past. Maps allow movement through historical trails and 3D models of architecture...
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Chemometrics for Selection, Prediction, and Classification of Sustainable Solutions for Green Chemistry—A Review
PublicationIn this review, we present the applications of chemometric techniques for green and sustainable chemistry. The techniques, such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis, artificial neural networks, and multivariate ranking techniques, are applied for dealing with missing data, grouping or classification purposes, selection of green material, or processes. The areas of application are mainly finding sustainable solutions...
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Comparison of technology adoption models
PublicationThere are several technology adoption models, that try to explain, how and why the technologies are adopted and used. Among those, that are widely used to explain, how the older adults accept technologies, there are some general models and models specific to the group of older users. Among the general ones I would recommend paying attention to the following models: Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) proposed by Davis...
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Liquid Crystals in Analytical Chemistry: A Review
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A New Approach to Chemical Recycling of Polyamide 6.6 and Synthesis of Polyurethanes with Recovered Intermediates
PublicationA new efficient method for the chemical decomposition of polyamide 6.6 by the glycolysis and amino-glycolysis processes was proposed. The glycolysis was conducted using the mass excess of ethylene glycol (EG) as a decomposing agent in the presence of a catalyst. Also, a mixture of EG and triethylenetetramine was used as another decomposing agent in the amino- glycolysis process. The described process of decomposition did not...
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Greener organic solvents in analytical chemistry
PublicationThe paper presents the most recent advances in analytical applications of greener organic solvents. Substitution of problematic solvents with more benign organic ones is much easier than shifting to technique applying alternative solvents, such as ionic liquids or supercritical fluids. In the area of liquid chromatography greener mobile phases, much attention is given to application ethanol or acetone instead of acetonitrile. Solvent-based...
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Urban dew formation efficiency and chemistry in Poland
PublicationThe measurements of dew formation efficiency and chemistry were performed in Poland in September 2009, as a part of a longer, two-year sampling campaign. Pairs of sites, representing centers of major Polish cities and rural conditions in three different regions, were compared. With the aim to get more detailed landuse-oriented characteristics of dew, two additional sites were set close to Wroclaw. Collection of dew at each site...
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Sliding burnishing technology of holes in hardened steel
PublicationNew technology with sliding burnishing of holes with cylindrical surface, made of hardened steel /60 HRC/, is presented in the paper.After burnishing operation on hole diameter 30 mm in satellite gear wheel the surface roughness parameter Ra=0,02-0,04 micrometers was obtained. The method and results of research as technological conclusion are presented.