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Search results for: METABOLIZM KSENOBIOTYKÓW
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Mass Spectrometric Identification of 13C-labeled Metabolites During anaerobic Propanoic Acid Oxidation
PublicationBiowaste digestion is a possibility to gain biogas as a renewable fuel source. However, the anaerobic food chain may be disrupted by, e.g., substrate overload or by inhibitors, leading to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), predominantly of propanoic acid (PA). VFA Accumulation may cause a rapid pH decrease, less biogas production, or even a total inhibition. To maintain high biogas productivity or to prevent a collapse...
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Occurrence and properties of sulphate reducing bacteria in groundwater in Gdańsk region; Selected methods of elimination.Bakterie redukujące siarczany na ujęciach wód podziemnych w regionie gdańskim.
PublicationGdańsk region is situated in the area with good hydrogeological conditions. The ground-water designed for drinking purposes is taken mainly from the Quaternary and addition-ally from Cretaceous aquifers. The urban development and intensive take off have caused the increase of water exploitation and as a consequence of the changes of hydrogeological conditions the deterioration of chemical and bacteriological quality of water has...
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The comparison of cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and indoles
PublicationChemopreventive properties of Brassica vegetables are attributed mainly to their characteristic compounds—glucosinolates (GLs) and their main hydrolysis products—isothiocyanates (ITCs) and indoles. In this study, we compared antiproliferative activity (MTT test in HT29 cells) and genotoxic effects (comet assay in HT29 cells and restriction analysis in a cell-free system) of three GLs (sinigrin (SIN), glucotropaeolin (GTL), and...
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Acid–Base Equilibrium and Self-Association in Relation to High Antitumor Activity of Selected Unsymmetrical Bisacridines Established by Extensive Chemometric Analysis
PublicationUnsymmetrical bisacridines (UAs) represent a novel class of anticancer agents previously synthesized by our group. Our recent studies have demonstrated their high antitumor potential against multiple cancer cell lines and human tumor xenografts in nude mice. At the cellular level, these compounds affected 3D cancer spheroid growth and their cellular uptake was selectively modulated by quantum dots. UAs were shown to undergo metabolic...
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Teratomas of Drosera capensis var. alba as a source of naphthoquinone: ramentaceone
PublicationPlants belonging to genus Drosera (family Droseraceae) contain pharmacologically active naphthoquinones such as ramentaceone and plumbagin. Hairy root cultures obtained following Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation have been reported to produce elevated levels of secondary compounds as well as exhibit desirable rapid biomass accumulation in comparison to untransformed plants. The aim of this study was to establish...
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UDP-glukuronylotransferazy - białka siateczki śródplazmatycznej. Struktura i mechanizm działania
PublicationIzoenzymy UDP-glukuronylotransferazy (EC. 2.4.1.17), UGT, katalizują w organizmach ssaków reakcję koniugacji grupy glikozylowej pochodzącej z nukleotydu UDPGA z aglikonem. UDPGA jest przyłączany do odpowiedniej grupy funkcyjnej metabolitu I fazy, rzadziej związku wyjściowego, przez co polarność aglikonu i zdolność jego wydalania z komórki zwiększa się, a to w konsekwencji obniża efekt toksyczny.Struktura UGT zawiera 2 domeny. Domena...
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Substancje groźne, niebezpieczne i pożyteczne.Tom 1: Pierwiastki i związki nieorganiczne
PublicationLudzie od początku swojego istnienia byli narażeni na działanie szkodliwych substancji chemicznych. Pierwotnie były to groźne dla życia opary wulkaniczne, toksyczne minerały – takie, jak arszenik, rudy ołowiu czy rtęci, szkodliwe metabolity wtórne (toksyny) wytwarzane przez mikroorganizmy, rośliny i zwierzęta, a także produkty spalania substancji organicznych, w tym dymy z palących się lasów czy stepów, zawierające czad, dioksyny,...
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Regenerative Drug Discovery Using Ear Pinna Punch Wound Model in Mice
PublicationThe ear pinna is a complex tissue consisting of the dermis, cartilage, muscles, vessels, and nerves. Ear pinna healing is a model of regeneration in mammals. In some mammals, including rabbits, punch wounds in the ear pinna close spontaneously; in common-use laboratory mice, they remain for life. Agents inducing ear pinna healing are potential regenerative drugs. We tested the effects of selected bioactive agents on 2 mm ear pinna...
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The production and properties of the secondary metabolites in selected car-nivorous plants = Produkcja i właściwości metabolitów wtórnych wybranych roślin owadożernych
PublicationPięć gatunków roślin owadożernych (Drosera aliciae, D. capensis, D. ramenta-cea, D. rotundifolia oraz Sarracenia psittacina ) zostało zbadanych pod ką-tem produkcji i właściwości metabolitów wtórnych między innymi flawonoidów inaftochinonów. W tym celu rośliny poddano elicytacji in vitro przy użyciuelicytorów abiotycznych - TYTANIT, kwas jasmonowy, BION oraz biotycznych -chityna i Enterobacter sakazaki. Badane związki ekstrahowano...
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MODELING THE pH EFFECTS ON NITROGEN REMOVAL IN THE ANAMMOX-ENRICHED GRANULAR SLUDGE
PublicationThe aim of the study was to determine the pH effects on nitrogen removal in the anammox-enriched 10 granular sludge. The experimental data were extracted from a 4L completely-mixed batch reactor with the 11 granular sludge at different initial pH values (6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5) and constant temperature 12 T=30℃. Simulations were run in GPS-X 6.4 using a comprehensive mechanistic model Mantis2. Two 13 kinetic parameters,...
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Assessment of cytotoxic and endocrine potential of selected xenobiotics commonly present in food products
PublicationMore and more increased intensity of anthropopressure processes can be observed, among other things, in the release of great quantities of synthetic substances into the environment, including the Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC). A vast number of chemical substances is considered to belong to the this group, including substances which occur naturally in the environment, such as mycotoxins and phytoestrogens, and substances...
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Checkpoints that regulate balanced biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide and its essentiality in Escherichia coli
PublicationThe outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, is essential for their viability. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constitutes the major component of OM, providing the permeability barrier, and a tight balance exists between LPS and phospholipids amounts as both of these essential components use a common metabolic precursor. Hence, checkpoints are in place, right from the regulation of the first committed step...
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Enzyme Conjugation - A Promising Tool for Bio-catalytic and Biotransformation Applications – A Review
PublicationEnzymes have revolutionized conventional industrial catalysts as more efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainable substitutes that can be used in different biotechnological processes, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Yet, the enzymes from nature are engineered to make them adapt and enhance their durability in the industrial environment. One promising approach involves the combined use of multiple enzymes that catalyze highly...
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Impedimetric sensing of α-amino acids driven by micro-patterned 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one into titania- boron- doped maze-like nanocarbons
PublicationThe development of impedimetric, non-faradaic label-free sensors for the detection of α-amino acids constitutes a trailblazing technology for the fast and inexpensive quantification of such biomarkers. Since α-amino acids, such as glycine and sarcosine, are basic constituents in biological processes, a variation in their concentration may be an indicator of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders or neurological conditions....
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Modeling the pH effects on nitrogen removal in the anammox-enriched granular sludge
PublicationThe aim of the study was to determine the pH effects on nitrogen removal in the anammox-enriched granular sludge. The experimental data were extracted from a 4L completely-mixed batch reactor with the granular sludge at different initial pH values (6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5) and constant temperature T=30℃. Simulations were run in GPS-X 6.4 using a comprehensive mechanistic model Mantis2. Two kinetic parameters, including...
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Determination of long-chain aldehydes using a novel quartz crystal microbalance sensor based on a biomimetic peptide
PublicationThere is an increasingly popular trend aimed at improvement of fundamental metrological parameters of sensors via implementation of materials mimicking biological olfactory systems. This study presents investigation on usefulness of the peptide mimicking HarmOBP7 region as a receptor element of the piezoelectric sensor for selective analysis of long-chain aldehydes. Identification of odorant binding proteins creates new possibilities...
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The correlation between the MRI-evaluated ectopic fat accumulation and the incidence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension depends on body mass index and waist circumference ratio.
PublicationThe widespread presence of overweight and obesity increases with every decade, and the number of people with body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2 has doubled in the last 30 years. The aim of the study is to assess the correlation between MRI-evaluated ectopic fat accumulation in pancreas, skeletal muscles and liver and the incidence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension, depending on BMI and waist circumference ratio. This prospective...
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NUTRITIONAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN TROPICAL FRUITS
PublicationDuring the past two decades our international scientific group investigated in vitro the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of some cultivars of durian at various stages of ripening, mangosteen and new cultivars of snake fruit in comparison with widely used avocado, kiwifruit and mango, and in vivo their influence on laboratory animals. The main objective of the present study was to screen and compare the properties...
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Characterization of a single-stranded DNA-binding-like Protein from Nanoarchaeum equitans - a nucleic acid binding protein with broad substrate specificity
PublicationBackground SSB (single-stranded DNA-binding) proteins play an essential role in all living cells and viruses, as they are involved in processes connected with ssDNA metabolism. There has recently been an increasing interest in SSBs, since they can be applied in molecular biology techniques and analytical methods. Nanoarchaeum equitans, the only known representative of Archaea phylum Nanoarchaeota, is a hyperthermophilic, nanosized,...
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Enhancing chain-elongating microbiomes: Sequential fungi-bacteria cooperation for efficient food waste upgrading using endogenous electron donors
PublicationThe upgrading of organic waste such as food waste (FW) into medium-chain carboxylates (MCC) is within a bio-based circular economy concept. An efficient chain elongation (CE) microbiome is difficult to obtain, which normally requires long-term acclimatization and an exogenous supplement of electron donor (ED, especially ethanol). In this study, the CE microbiome was rapidly shaped within 18 days and an efficient endogenous ethanol-based...
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Polypropylene structure alterations after 5 years of natural degradation in a waste landfill
PublicationUp to 25% of plastic waste in Europe is still disposed of in landfills, despite recycling efforts. The plastic waste in the landfill plot may be exposed both to abiotic and biotic degradation processes, although it is thought that most of the plastic materials tend to be resistant to biodegradation or biodeterioration even after a long time. To verify if polypropylene (PP) can undergo the process of short-term biodegradation and...
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Porównanie efektywności wybranych technik ekstrakcji/ługowania metabolitów wtórnych z suchego materiału roślin owadożernych z hodowli in vitro = Acomparison of effciency of secondary metabolites extraction/leaching techniques from carnivorous plants dry material from in vitro culture
PublicationW roślinach owadożernych za efekt terapeutyczny odpowiadają głównie pochodne 1,4-naftochinonu (juglon), oraz flawonoidy. Interesujące właściwości tych związków oraz możliwość synergicznego działania wielu innych metabolitów na efekt terapeutyczny, podjęto pracę przygotowania technologii efektywnego wyodrębniania metabolitów. W tej publikacji porównano efektywności technik ekstrakcji/ługowania. Jako materiał badany posłużyły wysuszone...
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Whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial potential of bacteria isolated from Polish honey
PublicationThe aim of this study was the whole-genome analysis and assessment of the antimicrobial potential of bacterial isolates from honey harvested in one geographical location—the north of Poland. In total, 132 strains were derived from three honey samples, and the antimicrobial activity of CFAM (cell-free after-culture medium) was used as a criterion for strain selection and detailed genomic investigation. Two of the tested isolates...
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3-MCPD: A worldwide problem of food chemistry
Publication3-MCPD is a heat-induced food contaminant which has been widely investigated for decades. This paper presents an overview of current knowledge about 3-MCPD including its formation routes, occurrence in various foodstuffs, analytical approach, toxicological aspects and future research perspectives. So far 3-MCPD was determined in its free and bound form in thermally-treated foods, edible oils and fats, and infant foods including...
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Assessment of toxic and endocrine potential of substances migrating from selected toys and baby products
PublicationAnalysis of literature data shows that there is limited information about the harmful biological effects of mixture of compounds from the EDC group that are released from the surface of toys and objects intended for children and infants. One of the tools that can be used to obtain such information is appropriate bioanalytical tests. The aim of this research involved determining whether tests that use living organisms as an active...
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Identification of antigen Ag43 in uropathogenic Escherichia coli Dr+ strains and defining its role in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections
PublicationUrinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are among the most common bacterial infectious diseases in the developed world. The urovirulence of UPEC is mainly associated with the surface-exposed fimbrial adhesins and adhesins of the autotransporter (AT) family. The best studied of theses proteins is antigen 43 (Ag43) mediating cell aggregation, adhesion and biofilm development as the causes of...
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Bioaccumulation of Metals in Tissues of Marine Animals, Part I: the Role and Impact of Heavy Metals on Organisms
PublicationHeavy metals contribute to the anthropogenic contamination of marine ecosystems. Some of them are essential to the life processes of organisms; others are toxic, even at low concentrations. They penetrate organisms via food, respiratory pathways or the skin. The extent to which metals penetrate organisms is measured by the bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors and also by their transport between organisms at different trophic...
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Contamination of runoff waters from roads with high traffic intensity in the urban region of Gdańsk, Poland
PublicationW ramach pracy prowadzone były badania zanieczyszczeń w próbkach wód spływnych z arterii komunikacyjnych. Próbki pobierano z sześciu stałych punktów zlokalizowanych wzdłuż szlaku komunikacyjnego prowadzącego z Redy do Gdańska (z miejsc o dużym natężeniu ruchu pojazdów) oraz z ulicy M. Buczka w Redzie (o mniejszym natężeniu ruchu). Próbki pobierane były przez okres dwóch miesięcy (okres deszczów jesiennych: 24.10 - 18.12.2000) oraz...
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O07 Filaggrin insufficiency renders keratinocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles capable of affecting CD1a-mediated T-cell responses and promoting allergic inflammation
PublicationThe association between FLG loss-of-function mutations and the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) indicates that filaggrin is critical to skin barrier function; the mutations are also linked to additional allergic manifestations, but it is unknown how the skin may influence inflammation in distant tissues. Here we investigated the impact of filaggrin insufficiency on keratinocyte-derived exosome-enriched small extracellular...
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Antifungal Effect of Penicillamine Due to the Selective Targeting of L-Homoserine O-Acetyltransferase
PublicationDue to the apparent similarity of fungal and mammalian metabolic pathways, the number of established antifungal targets is low, and the identification of novel ones is highly desirable. The results of our studies, presented in this work, indicate that the fungal biosynthetic pathway of L-methionine, an amino acid essential for humans, seems to be an attractive perspective. The MET2 gene from Candida albicans encoding L-homoserine...
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Post-Effort Changes in Autophagy- and Inflammation-Related Gene Expression in White Blood Cells of Healthy Young Men
PublicationAcute, strenuous physical exertion requiring high levels of energy production induces the production of reactive oxygen species and metabolic disturbances that can damage the mitochondria. Thus, selective autophagic elimination of defective mitochondria may improve resistance to oxidative stress and potentially to inflammation. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impacts of intense effort on changes in the expression...
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Novel therapeutic compound acridine–retrotuftsin action on biological forms of melanoma and neuroblastoma
PublicationPURPOSE: As a continuation of our search for anticancer agents, we have synthesized a new acridine-retrotuftsin analog HClx9-[Arg(NO2)-Pro-Lys-Thr-OCH3]-1-nitroacridine (named ART) and have evaluated its activity against melanoma and neuroblastoma lines. Both tumors develop from cells (melanocytes, neurons) of neuroectodermal origin, and both are tumors with high heterogeneity and unsatisfactory susceptibility to chemotherapies....
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MutS3: a MutS homologue of unknown biological function
PublicationThe homologues of MutS proteins are widespread among both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. MutS designated as MutS1 is a part of MMR (mismatch repair) system which is responsible for removal of mispaired bases and small insertion/deletion loops in DNA. Initially, the only MutS homologues known were those engaged in mismatch repair and these were later designated as MutS1. Subsequently, the MutS2 homologue was distinguished. MutS2 does...
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Insulin-like growth factor type 2 is better than insulin-like growth factor type 1 a survival marker in patients after acute decompensation of heart failure
PublicationIntroduction:A decreased IGF-1 has been found in heart failure (HF). There are no reports assessing IGF-2 in HF, although in vitro study has shown, that IGF-2 stimulates cardiomyocyte proliferation more than IGF-1. The study aim was to compare the IGF-1 and IGF-2 concentration depending on HF exacerbation and annual survival.Material and methods:Among 75 patients hospitalized...
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Structural features responsible for control of the eukaryotic GlcN-6-P synthase activity
PublicationGlucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) synthase is responsible for catalysis of the first and practically irreversible step in hexosamine metabolism. As UDP-GlcNAc, the final product of the hexosamine path, constitutes one of the essential substrates for assembly of bacterial and fungal cell walls, the enzyme is an interesting target for antimicrobial therapy.The structure of E. coli enzyme, known since 2001, forms a dimer of two identical...
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Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fermented beverages obtained from fruit pomace
PublicationFruit pomace should not be considered as a waste product but as a by-product as it contains a lot of valuable components such as dietary fiber, bioactive compounds and a source of nutrients. The reasonable way to utilize these by-products, both fresh or dried, could be the fermentation of its extracts, leading to beverages with functional properties. In our research, we checked the possibility of using chokeberry, apple and...
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Honey antibacterial activity: A neglected aspect of honey quality assurance as functional food
PublicationBackground Honey is considered as a functional food with health-promoting properties. Its potent antibacterial and antibiofilm effects are the major attributes of so called ‘medical-grade honey’ which is topically used for the treatment of burns, wounds and skin disorders. Nevertheless, the current set of honey quality parameters adopted in the European Union do not include its biological properties. Furthermore, in light of the...
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A mechanistically approached review upon assorted cell lines stimulated by athermal electromagnetic irradiation
PublicationThe probable influence of electromagnetic irradiation on cancer treatment has been deduced from the interaction of artificial electromagnetic emissions with biological organisms. Nonetheless, the suspected health effects induced by electromagnetic-based technology imply that such a treatment may contaminate the adjacent healthy cells. Thus, gaining mechanistic insights into the problem is required to avoid athermal health hazards....
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From the pills to environment – Prediction and tracking of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug concentrations in wastewater
PublicationThe extend of environment pollution by pharmaceuticals is in a stage that required more automatic and integrated solutions. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most popular pharmaceutical in the world and emerging pollutants of natural waters. The aim of the paper was to check the correlation of the sales data of selected NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac) and their concentration in the WWTP...
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Przemiany metaboliczne in vitro niesymetrycznych bisakrydyn w układach bezkomórkowych i w komórkach nowotworowych oraz określenie wpływu tych pochodnych na aktywność enzymów metabolizujących leki
PublicationPrzedmiotem badań prowadzonych w ramach niniejszej pracy doktorskiej są cztery niesymetryczne bisakrydyny: C-2028, C-2041, C-2045 i C-2053, wykazujące wysoką aktywność cytotoksyczną [Konopa i in. 2019]. Otrzymane wyniki wskazały, że każdy z pierścieni (imidazoakrydonu i 1-nitroakrydyny) obecny w strukturze badanych związków odgrywa inną rolę w wykazywanych przez nie właściwościach fizykochemicznych i biologicznych. Właściwości...
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Selected adipocytokines in patients with an incidentally discovered pheochromocytoma
PublicationBACKGROUND: Adipose tissue secretes many adipokines and cytokines, which may be an additional risk factor of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in patients with an incidentally discovered pheochromocytoma (PHEO). The aim of the study was to investigate levels of selected adipocytokines in these patients. METHODS: This prospective study included 12 patients with an incidentally discovered PHEO and 18 healthy participants. In...
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2-Methoxyestradiol and Hydrogen Peroxide as Promising Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease
PublicationEstrogens function in numerous physiological processes including controlling brain cell growth and differentiation. 2-Meth- oxestradiol (2-ME2), a 17β-estradiol (E2) metabolite, is known for its anticancer effects as observed both in vivo and in vitro. 2-ME2 affects all actively dividing cells, including neurons. The study aimed to determine whether 2-ME2 is a potentially cancer-protective or rather neurodegenerative agent in a...
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Activation of endogenous regenerative potential in mammals using epigenetic inhibitor zebularine
PublicationIn this work, a nucleoside inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases, zebularine, was investigated as a wound healing and regeneration promoting agent. It was found that a high dose of intraperitoneally delivered zebularine improved punch wound closure in the ear pinna in mice. Both cytidine, a zebularine analogue, and uridine, a zebularine metabolite, did not promote ear pinna hole closure. The effect of zebularine on ear pinna healing...
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Anti-cancer effect of Rumex obtusifolius in combination with arginase/nitric oxide synthase inhibitors via downregulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and polyamine synthesis
PublicationCancer continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide, making the development of new treatment methods crucial in the fight against it. With cancer incidence rates increasing worldwide, ongoing research must focus on identifying new and effective ways to prevent and treat the disease. The combination of herbal extracts with chemotherapeutic agents has gained much interest as a novel strategy to combat cancer. Rumex obtusifolius...
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Removal of VOCs from air and assessment of dominant species in a peat-perlite biotrickling filter
PublicationAir pollution has become a major concern because it is inevitably connected with the rapid development of both industrial and residential areas. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from various anthropogenic sources e.g. transportation, factories or landfills as well as recycling factories. It is problematic not only because of the direct impact on humans and environment but also from economy viewpoint as it increases...
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Dibutyl phthalate disrupts conserved circadian rhythm in Drosophila and human cells
PublicationPeople are constantly exposed to phthalates, due to their common use in the production of plastics, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and skin care products. The ability of phthalates to disrupt endocrine signaling, leading to developmental, reproductive and metabolic defects, has been studied, yet how phthalates interfere with these biological functions is still unclear. To uncover DBP interacting molecular pathways, we raised Drosophila...
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Possibility of Using Tea Fungus for Fermentation of Beetroot and Carrot Pomace Beverages
PublicationFermented beverages obtained from plant-based raw materials are becoming more popular due to their beneficial effects on human health. These include kombucha beverages, which are obtained by fermenting tea brew using the so-called tea fungus, which includes acetic acid bacteria and osmophilic yeast. A consortium of these microorganisms could also be used to prepare functional fermented beverages obtained from extracts of vegetable...
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Development of Biocompatible Fe3O4@SiO2 Nanoparticles as Subcellular Delivery Platform for Glucosamine-6-phosphate Synthase Inhibitors
PublicationNumerous inhibitors of glucoseamine-6-phophate synthase (GlcN-6-P), the enzyme responsible from catalysis of the first step of metabolic pathway leading to metabolism 5’-diphospho-N-acetyl-D- glucosamine, were reported as effective agents for inhibiting the growth of various fungal pathogens. Among the reported inhibitors,...
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Daily diet containing canned products significantly increases serum concentrations of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in young women
PublicationNowadays, exposure to environmental factors is considered to be one of the possible causes of several lifestyle diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Particularly noteworthy are endocrine‑disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which affect the metabolism of hormones and interact with their receptors, thus exerting adverse health effects. One of the most ubiquitous EDC in daily life is bisphenol A...
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DNA restriction analysis as a supportive tool in mechanistic studies carried out by 32P-postlabelling
PublicationNumerous antitumor and carcinogenic compounds are able to modify DNA by forming covalent bonds with its constituents, while some anticarcinogenic compounds are known to prevent such a modification. All these processes are of vital biological import_ance, though deeper inside into factors influencing formation of DNA adducts is difficult due to the low level of their occurrence. 32P-Postlabelling approach ensures very sensitive...