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Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: DISTURBANCE, STABILITY ANALYSIS, SLIDING MODE OBSERVER, SUPER TWISTING.
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RuAl6—An Endohedral Aluminide Superconductor
PublikacjaSuperconductivity is reported in an endohedral aluminide compound, RuAl6, with Tc = 1.21 K. The normalized heat capacity jump at Tc, ΔC/γTc = 1.58, confirms bulk superconductivity. The Ginzburg–Landau parameter of κ = 9.5 shows that RuAl6 is a type-II superconductor. Electronic structure calculations for RuAl6 are explored in comparison to its structural analogue ReAl6 (Tc = 0.74 K). The stability of the phases is discussed in...
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Experimental investigation of joint with positive eccentricity in CFS truss
PublikacjaDue to technological restrictions, in the case of trusses made of CFS open cross-sections, positive eccentricities in the truss joints have become very frequent. Therefore studies concerning the load-bearing capacity of truss joints with positive eccentricity were undertaken. It was assumed that the resistance of cold-formed steel (CFS) open cross-section truss joints located on compression chords and with positive eccentricity...
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Analiza kohortowa przyczyn bierności zawodowej osób w wieku 45+
PublikacjaZmiany demograficzne następujące w ostatnich latach w krajach rozwiniętych stawiają nowe wyzwania przed badaczami i praktykami rynku pracy. Jedną z najbardziej zauważalnych konsekwencji „starzenia społeczeństw” jest wydłużenie czasu bierności zawodowej. Jednocześnie w wolniejszym tempie występuje proces wydłużenia czasu aktywności zawodowej. Z punktu widzenia stabilności systemu emerytalnego istotne jest zatem określenie przyczyn...
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Physicochemical and Mechanical Performance of Freestanding Boron-Doped Diamond Nanosheets Coated with C:H:N:O Plasma Polymer
PublikacjaThe physicochemical and mechanical properties of thin and freestanding heavy boron-doped diamond (BDD) nanosheets coated with a thin C:H:N:O plasma polymer were studied. First, diamond nanosheets were grown and doped with boron on a Ta substrate using the microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique (MPECVD). Next, the BDD/Ta samples were covered with nylon 6.6 to improve their stability in harsh environments and...
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Determination of Butyltin Species in Sea Water Samples Using Solid Phase Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PublikacjaReverse phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS-MS) was evaluated for the analysis of TBT using solid phase extraction as sample preparation method. TBT was extracted from acidified water samples (spiked with tripropyltin as internal standard) using reversed phase polymeric Strata-X cartridges. Analytes were eluted from cartridges using acetonitrile-water mixture and the volume...
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Mono- and polynuclear Co(II) silanethiolates with aliphatic diamines
PublikacjaFour Co(II) complexes, [Co{SSi(OtBu)3}2(dmpda)] 1, [Co{SSi(OtBu)3}2(bda)2]n2 [Co{SSi(OtBu)3}2(pda)2]n3 and [Co{SSi(OtBu)3}2(hda)2]n4 [dmpda = 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine; bda = 1.4-butanediamine; pda = 1.5-pentanediamine; had = 1.6-hexanediamine] have been synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 is mononuclear and contains Co(II) coordinated by dmpda molecule in chelating mode, whereas compounds 3 and...
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Copper(II) complexes of 7-amino-2-methylchromone and 7-aminoflavone: Magneto-structural, spectroscopic and DFT characterization
PublikacjaFour new complexes of copper(II) consisting of two different chromone derivatives with carbonyl and amine donor atoms: 7-aminoflavone (L1) and 7-amino-2-methylchromone (L2), were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis, FT-IR, EPR spectroscopy, MS and elemental analysis. In all four compounds, the chromone derivatives were found to act as monodentate O- or N-ligands. The structural characteristics of 1a and...
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Study on applicability of two modal identification techniques in irrelevant cases
PublikacjaStudy on applicability of two modal identification techniques in irrelevant cases is made in this paper. The following techniques are considered: Peak Picking based on correlation analysis (PP-CA), dedicated for ambient vibrations and Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA), formulated for free decay vibrations investigation. Irrelevant cases are found when analyzed signals are different than recommended to a given technique. The...
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Vibration-Based Investigation of a Historic Bell Tower to Understand the Occurrence of Damage
PublikacjaABSTRACT The paper presents a survey of the historic Arch-cathedral bell tower in Vilnius induced by the appearance of cracks in the structure after a new bell system installation. An attempt is undertaken to identify the reason for the crack occurrence and to check a possible crack influence on global structural behaviour. The research is based on dynamic measurements made in the tower during ambient vibrations and during vibrations...
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Analiza oddziaływań w kryształach związków zawierających w strukturze pierścień pirydynowy
PublikacjaMożliwość tworzenia się wiązań wodorowych jest kluczowym parametrem z punktu widzenia inżynierii kryształu, ponieważ wiązania wodorowe mają bezpośredni wpływ na strukturę oraz trwałość sieci krystalicznej. Głównym celem niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej była analiza porównawcza wiązań wodorowych występujących w układach, zawierających w strukturze pierścień pirydynowy. Badane układy podzielono na: (1) układy ze związkami krzemosiarkowymi...
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Recent advancements in LC‐MS based analysis of biotoxins: Present and future challenges
PublikacjaThere has been a rising concern regarding the harmful impact of biotoxins, source of origin, and the determination of the specific type of toxin. With numerous reports on their extensive spread, biotoxins pose a critical challenge to figure out their parent groups, metabolites, and concentration. In that aspect, liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) based analysis paves the way for its accurate identification and quantification....
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Analysis of the possibilities in railways shape assessing using GNSS mobile measurements
PublikacjaIn recent years, a dynamic development of satellite positioning techniques using both static and mobile GNSS coordinates register mode can be observed. In addition, still developing Real-time GNSS Networks, post-processing algorithms and another measurement signal analysis algorithms, make the satellite measurements increasingly used in railway industry sector. In the article the possibilities which follows from the mobile satellite...
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Impact of Tetrazolium Ionic Liquid Thermal Decomposition in Solvothermal Reaction on the Remarkable Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 Particles
PublikacjaIonic liquids (ILs) could serve as a structuring agent, a solvent, or a source of dopant during solvothermal synthesis of semiconductors particles. To understand the role of IL during formation of TiO2 particles, it is necessary to study the stability of this IL in solvothermal synthesis conditions, as well as studying the surface properties of formed TiO2 particles. In view of this, the effect of the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium...
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Potentiometric sensor containing set of ion selective electrodes with lipid modified membranes for quality assessment of tested non-alcoholic beverages
PublikacjaPotentiometric sensors may be a good tool for fast quality control of commercial drinks. In this work, such a sensor, containing a set of ion-selective electrodes with lipid-modified membranes (benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride monohydrate, hexadecylamine, 1-dodecanol, elaidic acid, cholesterol) was used for discrimination and quality control of non-alcoholic beverages, mainly composed of sugar and citric acid. It was found...
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Structural analysis and physico-chemical characterization of mononuclear manganese(II) and polynuclear copper(II) complexes with pyridine-based alcohol
PublikacjaTwo novel manganese(II) and copper(II) complexes, mononuclear [Mn(H2O)2(2-(CH2)2OHpy)2](NO3)2 (1) and polynuclear [Cu(SO4)(2-(CH2)2OHpy)2]n (2), based on 2-(hydroxyethyl)pyridine (2-(CH2)2OHpy) were synthesised and fully characterised using X-ray structure analysis as well as spectroscopic, magnetic and thermal methods. Both central metal ions Mn(1) and Cu(1) are coordinated by two N,O-donor 2-(CH2)2OHpy ligands and possess an...
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Could thermal imaging supplement surface electromyography measurements for skeletal muscles?
PublikacjaAbstract—(1) Background: The aim of this study is to present the results of experiments in which surface electromyography (sEMG) and thermal imaging were used to assess muscle activation during gait and to verify the hypothesis that there is a relationship in the case of low fatigue level between sEMG measured muscle activation, assessed in the frequency domain, and thermal factors calculated as minimum, maximum, kurtosis, mean,...
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The reduction of auxiliaries power demand: The challenge for electromobility in public transportation
PublikacjaAn important role in the consumption of electric energy in urban transport are non-traction needs (auxiliaries), the main part of which is heating and air condition (HVAC). Auxiliaries are responsible for almost half of total energy consumption (normal weather conditions) and in the winter (or hot summer) it reaches up to 70% in daily scale. The reduction of energy used for non-traction needs is currently the main challenge related...
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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CoFe2O4/TiO2-PANI HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITE WITH MAGNETIC AND PHOYOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY
PublikacjaHybrid nanocomposites consisting of inorganic component and organic conducting polymer are promising materials, which can be applied in heterogeneous photocatalysis. Titanium(IV) oxide is widely used photocatalysts due to its non-toxicity, low cost and chemical stability. The main disadvantage of TiO2 is low photocatalytic activity under visible light. Conducting polymers, also known as conjugated polymers are polymer materials...
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GTR/NBR/Silica Composites Performance Properties as a Function of Curing System: Sulfur versus Peroxides
PublikacjaIn this work, conventional sulfur and two types of organic peroxides (dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB)) curing systems were used to investigate the possibility for tailoring of the performance properties of GTR/NBR blends reinforced with a variable content of highly dispersive silica (0–30 phr). The curing characteristics, static mechanical and acoustical properties, swelling behavior,...
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Silicon’s Influence on Polyphenol and Flavonoid Profiles in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) under Cadmium Exposure in Hydroponics: A Study of Metabolomics, Extraction Efficacy, and Antimicrobial Properties of Extracts
PublikacjaThe current study aimed to investigate the impact of silicon (Si) supplementation in the form of Na2SiO3 on the metabolome of peas under normal conditions and following exposure to cadmium (Cd) stress. Si is known for its ability to enhance stress tolerance in various plant species, including the mitigation of heavy metal toxicity. Cd, a significant contaminant, poses risks to...
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How thermal stability of ionic liquids leads to more efficient TiO2-based nanophotocatalysts: Theoretical and experimental studies
PublikacjaIonic liquids (ILs) containing distinct nitrogen-bearing organic cations (pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, imidazolium, ammonium, morpholinium) were first used for the preparation of 23 IL-TiO2 types of composites by ionic liquid assisted solvothermal synthesis. These 23 optimal ILs structures (i.e. compounds exhibiting an optimal combination of specific properties, functionality, and safety) for synthesis and experimental validation...
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Buckling Analysis of Cold Formed Silo Column
PublikacjaThe paper is devoted to stability analysis of different models of steel cold formed silo column. The steel cylindrical silos are often composed of corrugated walls and vertical open-sectional columns uniformly placed along the silo circumference. Both the whole 3D silo, a simplified model consisting of one column with a part of the silo walls, and a single column resting on elastic foundation provided by the silo walls were analyzed....
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Isolation of the GFA1 gene encoding glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase of Sporothrix schenckii and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PublikacjaGlucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlcN-6-P synthase) is an essential enzyme involved in cell wall biogenesis that has been proposed as a strategic target for antifungal chemotherapy. Here we describe the cloning and functional characterization of Sporothrix schenckii GFA1 gene which was isolated from a genomic library of the fungus. The gene encodes a predicted protein of 708 amino acids that is homologous to GlcN-6-P synthases...
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Diagnostic testing of marine propulsion systems with internal combustion engines by means of vibration measurement and results analysis
PublikacjaIn this paper selected issues concerning vibration diagnosis of the mechanical system within marine propulsion units have been presented, carried out on the basis of experimental examinations of a real object in which an exceedance of the allowable vibration’s level had been observed. Used diagnosing system has been characterised. A procedure of longitudinal and transverse vibrations shaft lines of the mechanical system within...
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Advances in mass spectrometry for iron speciation in plants
PublikacjaIron is an important nutrient essential for plants and critical for human health. The state-of-the art of methods for iron speciation in cereal grains and plant fluids is critically reviewed. Particular attention is given to the latest developments in the coupling of HPLC with the parallel ICP MS and electrospray ionization (ESI) MS/MS detection, usually QTOF MS or Q-Orbitrap MS, for the identification and quantification of iron...
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Thermal degradation kinetics of poly(propylene succinate) prepared with the use of natural origin monomers
PublikacjaLinear biobased polyester polyols were prepared with the use of succinic acid and 1,3-pro- panediol (both with natural origin). Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate (TPT) was used as a catalyst. In order to determine the effect of various synthesis temperature conditions on the thermal degradation kinet- ics, nine sequences of temperature conditions were used during two-step polycondensation reaction. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted...
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Measurements of flicker noise in supercapacitor cells
PublikacjaFlicker noise (1/f-like noise) is often used to assess the quality of various materials and devices. This phenomenon has been observed in different electrochemical devices or reactions (e.g., smart windows, pitting corrosion events). In our exploratory studies we consider how to measure and utilize 1/f noise for the quality assessment of supercapacitors. This task requires special attention because of enormous capacitance of the...
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Evaluation of the prediction ability of air pollutants based on the electronic nose responses
PublikacjaElectronic noses are able to perform on-line measurements of the toxic volatile compounds in air. Due to their low cost and compact size they can be placed in the areas exposed to pollution, outside the laboratory. Those advantages, on the other side, force the need for development of the reliable sensors data analysis procedures. One of the most important issues connected with electronic noses is the lack of stability of the gas...
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Effect of crystallinity on structural, thermal, and in vitro dissolution properties of Na2O-CaO-Nb2O5/MgO-P2O5 glass-ceramics
PublikacjaThe impact of the crystallinity on structural, thermal, and in vitro dissolution properties were examined for Na2O- CaO-Nb2O5/MgO-P2O5 glasses/glass-ceramics. Glass-ceramics were synthesized via a spontaneous crystallization process. The Nb content in the materials increased with melting temperature, furthermore, the crystallinity is proportional to the Nb content. The presence of crystalline niobates and phosphates is confirmed...
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Fabrication of toughened plastic using styrene butadiene rubber-poly (methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks
PublikacjaA standard set of interpenetrating polymeric networks (IPNs) has been contrived using an elastomerstyrene butadiene rubber and a thermoplastic poly (methyl methacrylate) through sequential polymerization protocol. This low-cost material can be hopefully engaged as a toughened plastic with cocontinuous morphology. Different morphological protocols including Raman imaging are effectively utilized to envisage the effect of blend ratio...
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Synthesis of Phosphonated Carbon Nanotubes: New Insight into Carbon Nanotubes Functionalization
PublikacjaCarbon nanotubes were successfully functionalized for the first time in a free radical phosphonylation reaction. Three synthetic protocols were proposed. Carbon nanotubes and diethylphosphite reacted in the presence of known radical initiator, such as azobisisobutyronitrile, single electron oxidant—Mn(OAc)3, or under UV radiation. The functionalized material was fully characterized by means of spectroscopic methods, together with...
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Synteza układu sterowania statkiem morskim dynamicznie pozycjonowanym w warunkach niepewności
PublikacjaNiniejsza monografia obejmuje zagadnienia związane z syntezą układu dynamicznego pozycjonowania statku w środowisku morskim z zastosowaniem wybranych nieliniowych metod sterowania. W ramach pracy autorka rozważała struktury sterowania z zastosowaniem wektorowej adaptacyjnej metody backstep oraz metod jej pokrewnych, takich jak regulatory MSS (ang. multiple surface sliding), DSC (ang. dynamic surface control), NB (ang. neural backstepping)....
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Macrocyclic derivatives of imidazole as chromoionophores for bismuth(III)/lead(II) pair
Publikacja18-membered diazomacrocycles with imidazole or 4-methylimidazole residue as a part of macrocycle were used as chromoionophores in bismuth(III) and lead(II) dual selective optodes for the first time. Cellulose triacetate membranes doped with macrocyclic chromoionophores are bismuth(III) and lead(II) selective with color change from orange/red to different shades of blue and violet, respectively. Results obtained for model and real...
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Strain-dependent behaviour of cold recycled material mixtures in cyclic compression tests
PublikacjaThe purpose of the study is to evaluate strain-dependent behaviour of Cold Recycled Material (CRM) mixtures using three frameworks typically applied for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA): linear viscoelastic (LVE) limits; non-linearity directions; changes in rheological model parameters. To this aim, the complex modulus of three CRM mixtures with different bitumen-to-cement ratio (0.2, 0.6 and 1.8) was measured in cyclic compression mode,...
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Application of normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography followed by gas chromatography for analytics of diesel fuel additives
PublikacjaThe paper presents the results of investigations on new procedures of determination of selected cleaning additives in diesel fuel. Two procedures: one-step analysis using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) or mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a two-step procedure in which normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) was used for preliminary separation of the additives, were compared. The additive...
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Research on the separation properties of empty-column gas chromatography (EC-GC) and conditions for simulated distillation (SIMDIS)
PublikacjaThe paper presents the results of investigations on new procedures of determination of selected cleaning additives in diesel fuel. Two procedures: one-step analysis using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) or mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a two-step procedure in which normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) was used for preliminary separation of the additives, were compared. The additive...
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The influence of dynamic load changes on temporary impedance in hydrogen fuel cells, selection and validation of the electrical equivalent circuit
PublikacjaTo achieve optimal performance of a fuel cell, a reliable monitoring and diagnostic method is required. The currently utilized methods give limited information or they are impossible to use under dynamic working conditions. To obtain comprehensive information about the fuel cell operation we utilized novel dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Impedance measurements in dynamic mode were performed on a hydrogen fuel cell,...
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High Frequency Conducted Emission in AC Motor Drives Fed By Frequency Converters: Sources and Propagation Paths
PublikacjaProvides a concise and thorough reference for designing electrical and electronic systems that employ adjustable speed drives Electrical and electronic systems that employ adjustable speed drives are being increasingly used in present-day automation applications. They are considered by many application engineers as one of the most interfering components, especially in a contemporarily faced industrial environment. This book fills...
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Corrosion damage identification based on the symmetry of propagating wavefield measured by a circular array of piezoelectric transducers: Theoretical, experimental and numerical studies
PublikacjaThe article investigates the results obtained from numerical simulations and experimental tests concerning the propagation of guided waves in corroded steel plates. Developing innovative methodologies for assessing corrosion-induced degradation is crucial for accurately diagnosing offshore and ship structures exposed to harsh environmental conditions. The main aim of the research is to analyze how surface irregularities affect...
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A LUMPED-CIRCUIT MODEL OF CIRCULAR PISTON TRANSDUCER FOR MODELING ITS PERFORMANCE IN DUAL FREQUENCY OPERATING MODES
PublikacjaThe paper presents novel network equivalent circuit of piezoceramic circular disc transducer that takes into account thickness and ra dial mode of vibrations. The starting point of the analysis is 4-port description of circular disc element representing the solution of wave equation set in radial and thickness directions. Th e approximate solution for harmonic case is represented in the form of 4x4 matrix, which is syn thesized...
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Damage Detection in the Wind Turbine Blade Using Root Mean Square and Experimental Modal Parameters
PublikacjaThe paper presents results of an experimental study related to a non-destructive diagnostic technique used for preliminary determination the location and size of delamination in composite coatings of wind turbine blades. The proposed method of damage detection is based on the analysis of the ten first mode shapes of bending vibrations, which correspond to displacements of rotor blades perpendicular to the rotor plane. Modal parameters...
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Do Phenyl Substituents Affect the Properties of Azobenzocrown Derivatives?
PublikacjaNew products of photo- and thermal rearrangements of 19-membered azoxybenzocrown with phenyl substituents in benzene rings in the para positions to oligooxyethylene fragments are characterized. The yields of photochemical transformations depend on the solvent. Para-hydroxyazocrown is formed with yields over 50% in propan-2-ol. Ortho-hydroxyazobenzocrown is obtained with yields up to 70% in toluene/acetic acid mixture. Macrocyclic...
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Effect of osmolytes of different type on DNA behavior in aqueous solution. Experimental and theoretical studies
PublikacjaOsmolytes, the small organic molecules accumulated in cells under environmental stress, can modulate the stability of biopolymers such as proteins and DNA. In spite of many years of research, there is no established molecular mechanism of the influence of osmolytes on DNA structure. Here, we used two model osmolytes that denature (urea) or stabilize (trimethylglycine, TMG) proteins to study their effect on DNA in aqueous solutions...
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Ultrasound-assisted wet-impregnation of Ag–Co nanoparticles on cellulose nanofibers: Enhanced catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol
PublikacjaIn this study, a novel nanocomposite of bimetallic Ag–Co nanoparticles supported on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) was synthesised using the ultrasound-assisted wet-impregnation method for catalytic applications. CNFs were prepared from cellulose acetate using the electrospinning technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of CNFs. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)...
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Studies on novel BiyXz-TiO2/SrTiO3 composites: Surface properties and visible light-driven photoactivity
PublikacjaA series of novel BiyXz-TiO2/SrTiO3 composites were prepared by multistep synthesis route. The asprepared photocatalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectra and BET analysis. The photocatalytic activity test was performed in aqueous solution of phenol under...
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Cathodic activation of synthesized highly defective monoclinic hydroxyl‐functionalized ZrO2 nanoparticles for efficient electrochemical production of hydrogen in alkaline media
PublikacjaThe high electrochemical stability of Zirconia (ZrO2) at high potentials strongly suggested it as an alternative to carbon supports, which experience reduced efficiency due to some corrosion problems particularly during prolonged electrocatalysis activity. However, the use of ZrO2 was limited by its low electrical conductivity and surface area. In this work, we developed a methodology for synthesizing monoclinic ZrO2 NPs with increased...
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Effect of high loading of titanium dioxide particles on the morphology and selected properties of natural rubber-based composites
PublikacjaThe aim of this work was to prepare and characterize the natural rubber vulcanizates contained different amounts of titanium dioxide particles. At first rubber mixture was prepared using a laboratory two-roll mill and then samples were vulcanized in a hydraulic press. The formulation of rubber mixture and rubber-processing technique is based on our earlier investigations. Materials were obtained at the different titanium dioxide...
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The Effect of Surface Treatment with Isocyanate and Aromatic Carbodiimide of Thermally Expanded Vermiculite Used as a Functional Filler for Polylactide-Based Composites
PublikacjaIn this work, thermally expanded vermiculite (TE-VMT) was surface modified and used as a filler for composites with a polylactide (PLA) matrix. Modification of vermiculite was realized by simultaneous ball milling with the presence of two PLA chain extenders, aromatic carbodiimide (KI), and 4,4’-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI). In addition to analyzing the particle size of the filler subjected to processing, the efficiency...
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Effects of Storing Flux-Cored Wires under Various Conditions
PublikacjaWelding processes involving the use of flux-cored wires are becoming increasingly popular, particularly in shipbuilding as well as in off-shore and civil engineering. The article presents characteristics of the welding process, its areas of application as well as advantages and disadvantages (e.g. necessity of ensuring appropriate conditions for the storage of filler metal wires). The satisfaction of quality-related requirements...
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Horizontal velocity field derived from EPN and ASG-EUPOS satellite data on the example of south-western part of Poland
PublikacjaPresently the determination of the velocity field in the global reference frame is possible by using different space techniques and dense terrestrial networks from global to local and regional scales. However, the reliability of such determinations is strongly limited by the restricted number of unmodeled effects. Some of them are periodic (atmospheric or hydrological effects), some instantaneous (natural or man-made seismicity)...