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Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: estrification
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Esterification of starch with sodium selenite and selenate
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Modelling AOB-NOB competition in shortcut nitrification compared with conventional nitrification-denitrification process
PublikacjaIn particular, mainstream deammonification and/or shortened nitrificationdenitrification via nitrite (so-called “nitrite shunt”) is a promising new treatment concept that has the potential to revolutionise how nitrogen removal is achieved at WWTPs. Understanding the role of the AOB/NOB competition in the nitrogen cycle in wastewater treatment systems will change operational strategies of the novel nitrogen removal processes. The...
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Synthesis and application of biomass-derived magnetic biochar catalyst for simultaneous esterification and trans-esterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel: modeling and optimization
PublikacjaThis work created, characterized, and used a magnetic biochar catalyst that is both eco-friendly and very effective. Sugarcane bagasse was selected as primary raw material for catalyst preparation, because it is renewable and ecofriendly biomass. Cata- lyst created by doping sugarcane bagasse biochar with magnetic material in the form of (FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O). Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy...
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Effect of citric acid esterification conditions on the properties of the obtained resistant starch
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Statistical evaluation of the changes in cellulose properties caused by the stepwise solvent exchange and esterification
PublikacjaThe objective of the research was to empirically confirm the changes in cellulose reactivity caused by the pre-treatment with solvents of different polarity. Therefore, 5 solvents varying in their polar component of surface tension from 0 to 4.6 mN/m were chosen. Their impact on the biopolymer properties was carefully analysed concerning chemical structure, crystallinity and surface characteristics. It was revealed that the length...
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Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate presence on esterification of propylene glycol with lauric acid
PublikacjaZbadano wpływ obecności dodecylosiarczanu sodu na bezpośrednią estryfikację glikolu propylenowego kwasem laurynowym. Zbadano także rozkład wielkości cząstek mikroemulsji tworzącej się in situ w trakcie estryfikacji glikolu propylenowego kwasem laurynowym w obecności różnych stężeń dodecylosiarczanu. Oceniono wartość równowagi hydrofilowo - lipofilowej zsyntetyzowanych emulgatorów.
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Manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles influence on the nitrification and anammox activity
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The influence of esterification time on the physicochemical properties of poly (glycerol sebacate-co- butylene sebacate)
PublikacjaThe study presents the results of the physicochemical properties of ester elastomer based on sebacic acid, glycerol and 1,4 - butanediol. The process of obtaining elastomers at variable esterification times of 14, 16 and 21 h is described. It was found that the material with an esterification time of 21 h is characterized by the best mechanical properties while maintaining high content of the gel fraction. In the technological...
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ADAPTATION OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE TO THE DIGESTATE LIQUORS DURING THE NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION PROCESSES
PublikacjaThe activated sludge process of the digestate liquors after chemical separation was conducted using a 10 L lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and a 0.50 m3 pilotscale SBR independently (with pH control). Due to the relatively high concentration of free ammonia (FA), clear inhibitory effects of the digestate liquors on the nitrifying bacteria were observed. The adaptation of the activated sludge to the toxicity was evaluated...
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Esterification kinetics of glycerol with fatty acids in the presence of zinc carboxylates: Preparation of modified acylglycerol emulsifiers.
PublikacjaZbadano zależności kinetyczne estryfikacji glicerolu kwasami tłuszczowymi (C12:0 - C18:0), prowadzonych w obecności soli cynku tych kwasów tłuszczowych. Przeanalizowano wpływ temperatury, stężenia karboksylanu oraz budowy części hydrofobowej kwasu tłuszczowego i karboksylanu, na postęp reakcji estryfikacji. Wyznaczono wartości odpowiednich stałych szybkości reakcji, energii aktywacji oraz maksymalnej zawartości monoestru glicerolu,...
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Ovarian tissue cryopreservation by stepped vitrification and monitored by X-ray computed tomography
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Municipal landfill leachate nitrification in RBC biofilm – Process efficiency and molecular analysis of microbial structure
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The Relationship between Gene Activity and Nitrous Oxide Production during Nitrification in Activated Sludge Systems
PublikacjaNitrite is an important factor which inhibits the first stage of the nitrification, the effect is stronger with the decrease of the DO concentrations. NO2- presence at concentration above 15 mg N – NO2 in the aeration tanks stimulates N2O production regardless of the DO concentration. The significant nirS gene induction, observed especially during the experiments with the nitrite addition indicates that N2O production is basically...
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Incorporation of the complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) process for modeling nitrification in suspended growth wastewater treatment systems
PublikacjaThe newly discovered process complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) has changed the traditional under-standing of nitrification. In this study, three possible concepts of comammox were developed and incorporated as part of an extended two-step nitrification model. For model calibration and validation, two series of long-term biomass washout experiments were carried out at 12 ◦C and 20 ◦C in a laboratory sequencing batch reactor....
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Optimization of Trans-esterification Process and Characterization of Biodiesel from Soapstock Using Silica Sulfuric Acid as a Heterogeneous Solid Acid Catalyst
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Characterization of bacterial structures in two-stage moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) during nitrification of the landfill leachate
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Nitrification, denitrification, and dephosphatation capability of activated sludge during co-treatment of intermediate-age landfill leachates with municipal wastewater
PublikacjaThis study focuses on the possible use and efficacy of the co-treatment of landfill leachate (intermediate-age) with municipal wastewater. The nitrification, denitrification, and dephosphatation capability of activated sludge acclimated with a mixture of raw municipal wastewater (RWW) with gradually increasing amounts of raw landfill leachate (RLL) (from 0.5 to 5% v/v) were tested. Biochemical tests were conducted simultaneously...
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Mathematical modelling of two-step nitrification-denitrification for treatment of sludge digester liquors: influence of nitrite (NO2-N) on the process kinetics
PublikacjaSeparate treatment of the sludge digester liquors is an alternative for expansion of the mainstream treatment line. In order to reduce the oxygen demand for nitrification and organic carbon demand for denitrification, a shortcut in the nitrogen conversion pathway has been promoted in recent years, i.e. nitrification-denitrification via NO2-N instead of NO3-N. Although NO2-N is a common intermediate product of nitrification and...
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New insights into modeling two-step nitrification in activated sludge systems – The effects of initial biomass concentrations, comammox and heterotrophic activities
PublikacjaIn this study, the conventional two-step nitrification model was extended with complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) and heterotrophic denitrification on soluble microbial products. The data for model calibration/validation were collected at four long-term washout experiments when the solid retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were progressively reduced from 4 d to 1 d, with mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)...
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Mutual Interaction between Temperature and DO Set Point on AOB and NOB Activity during Shortcut Nitrification in a Sequencing Batch Reactor in Terms of Energy Consumption Optimization
PublikacjaRecently, many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have had to deal with serious problems related to the restrictive requirements regarding the euent quality, as well as significant energy consumption associated with it. In this situation, mainstream deammonification and/or shortened nitrification-denitrification via nitrite (so-called “nitrite shunt”) is a new promising strategy. This study shows the mechanisms and operating conditions...
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Removal of ammonia nitrogen from groundwater during nitrification processes using pressure filters = Usuwanie azotu amonowego z wód podziemnych w procesie nitryfikacji na filtrach ciśnieniowych
PublikacjaW pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań w skali ułamkowo technicznej nad wpływem podwyższonego i zmiennego ciśnienia (do 0,4 MPa) na przebieg usuwania amoniaku z wód podziemnych, w procesie nitryfikacji, w złożu filtracyjnym. Ustalono, że wszystkie filtry badawcze, zarówno ciśnieniowe jak i grawitacyjny, wymagały adaptacji do zmienionego składu filtrowanej wody. Okres adaptacji filtrów ciśnieniowych był dłuższy, niż dla filtra grawitacyjnego....
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Wpływ warunków ciśnieniowej filtracji na przebieg biologicznego usuwania azotu amonowego z wody w procesie nitryfikacji = Effect of pressure filtration conditions on nitrification process used for ammonia nitrogen removal from water
PublikacjaW pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych nad wpływem podwyższonego, zmiennego ciśnienia (do 0,8 MPa) na przebieg usuwania azotu amonowego z wody na nitryfikacyjnym złożu filtracyjnym. Wykazano, że ani podwyższone ciśnienie, ani jego zmiany nie wpływają hamująco na przebieg procesów nitryfikacji. Stwierdzono pozytywny wpływ płukania filtrów biologicznych na usuwanie azotu amonowego z wody.
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Microwave-assisted preparation of potato starch silicated with silicic acid
PublikacjaApplication of microwave irradiation for the silication of granular potato starch with silicic acid, and the properties of silicated starch were investigated. Potato starch was esterified on 20 min microwave irradiation of starch with silicic acid, applying the power of 450 or 800Wand, for comparison, on 120 min convectional heating of the reagent blend at 100 ◦C. The degree of esterification and the reaction efficiency did not...
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Advances in analysis, quantification and modelling of N2O emission in SBRs under various DO set points
PublikacjaNitrous oxide (N2O), considered a major greenhouse gas (GHG) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), is produced during both nitrification and denitrification processes; hence, it needs to be controlled by internal and external strategies. Various factors, such as DO, temperature, and pH, could be incorporated into the mitigation of emissions in WWTPs. In this research, potential operational strategies were investigated in order...
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Metody oczyszczania odcieków z procesów przeróbki osadów w komorach fermentacji
PublikacjaOdcieki z beztlenowych procesów przeróbki osadu w komorach fermentacji (tzw. wody poosadowe) są istotnym źródłem azotu dopływającego do części biologicznej oczyszczalni ścieków. Odpowiednie oczyszczanie tych wód może więc, w bardzo istotny sposób wpłynąć na warunki eksploatacji oczyszczalni. Konwencjonalny proces usuwania amoniaku za pomocą dwóch faz, tj. nitryfikacji i denitryfikacji, są coraz częściej zastępowane przez jednoetapowy...
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Application of mechanistic and data-driven models for nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment systems
PublikacjaIn this dissertation, the application of mechanistic and data-driven models in nitrogen removal systems including nitrification and deammonification processes was evaluated. In particular, the influential parameters on the activity of the Nitrospira activity were assessed using response surface methodology (RSM). Various long-term biomass washout experiments were operated in two parallel sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a different...
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Temperature Impact of Nitrogen Transformation in Technological System: Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland and Polishing Pond
PublikacjaThe article describes the results of the research, purpose of which was to evaluate influence of the temperature on the effectiveness of nitrification and denitrification in the sewage treatment system consisting of vertical flow constructed wetland and polishing pond. During the analysed period, the efficiency of removing total nitrogen was low and amounted to 12.7%. In the polishing pond in the summer period, content of total...
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The occurrence and role of Nitrospira in nitrogen removal systems
PublikacjaApplication of the modern microbial techniques changed the paradigm about the microorganisms performing nitrification. Numerous investigations recognized representatives of the genus Nitrospira as a key and predominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in biological nutrient removal systems, especially under low dissolved oxygen and substrate conditions. The recent discovery of Nitrospira capable of performing complete ammonia oxidation...
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Microwave-assisted silication of potato starch
PublikacjaSilication of potato starch was performed by microwave irradiation and convectional heating of starch with sodium metasilicate. The study has shown that microwaves offered more selective silication thanconvectional heating. Depending on the dose of metasilicate products of either monoesterification or crosslinking esterification were formed. Increase in the amount of the silicating agent favoured crosslinking of starch. In the...
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The metagenomic approach to characterization of the microbial community shift during the long-term cultivation of anammox-enriched granular sludge
PublikacjaA metagenomic approach was used to investigate how the microbial community composition changes when an anammox-based granular sludge reactor is seeded with nitritation-anammox biomass from a wastewater treatment plant. In the seed sample, the abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis was similar to Candidatus Jettenia caeni (12.63 vs. 11.68%). This biomass was typical in terms of microbial nitrogen conversion; both ammonia...
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Integrating conventional nitrogen removal with anammox in wastewater treatment systems: Microbial metabolism, sustainability and challenges
PublikacjaThe various forms of nitrogen (N), including ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−), and nitrate (NO3−), present in wastewaters can create critical biotic stress and can lead to hazardous phenomena that cause imbalances in biological diversity. Thus, biological nitrogen removal (BNR) from wastewaters is considered to be imperatively urgent. Therefore, anammox-based systems, i.e. partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (PN/anammox)...
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Effects of Different Aeration Modes on Ammonia Removal from Sludge Digester Liquors in the Nitritation-Anammox Process
PublikacjaSludge digester liquors can be responsible for up to one third of the nitrogen load to the biological step of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The conventional process for ammonia removal via two sequential processes, i.e. nitrification and denitrification, is increasingly being challenged by a one-step process in which ammonium is oxidized directly to nitrogen gas e.g. ammonium oxidation (anammox) process. In this novel process,...
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One-Step Synthesis of W/O and O/W Emulsifiers in the Presence of Surface Active Agents
PublikacjaThe main goal of this study was to describe the method of the synthesis of the dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl- and octadecyl-propylene glycol emulsifiers in the presence of selected anionic and nonionic surfactants. Acyl propylene glycol emulsifiers were produced by esterification of propane-1,2-diol (propylene glycol, PG) with C12:0-C18:0 fatty acids in the presence of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic-poly(ethylene...
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The possibility of use by-products for synthesis of emulsifiers
PublikacjaIn the last years the interest in use of materials originated from natural sources, e.g. vegetables to produce attractive products still grows. According to that, also the synthesis of these products should be adequate to the green chemistry requirements. The typical example observed in recent years focuses on utlization of bioglycerol - the by - product of global biodiesel manufacturing. The still growing production of biodiesel...
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Emulsifi ers from renewable materials: an eco-friendly synthesis and properties
PublikacjaThe focus of this study was the preparation of novel bio based polyglycerol emulsifiers characterized by a one pot synthesis, thus by modified properties with respect to interfacial activity and effectiveness as emulsion stabilizers. The final products of the esterification process, carried out in the presence of carboxylates were used directly as emulsifiers (without purification or fractionation). Polyglycerol emulsifiers obtained...
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Synthesis and biological activity of ester derivatives of mycophenolic acid and acridines/acridones as potential immunosuppressive agents
PublikacjaImproved derivatives of mycophenolic acid (MPA) are necessary to reduce the frequency of adverse effects, this drug exerts in treated patients. In this study, MPA was coupled with N-(x-hydroxyalkyl)-9-acridone-4-carboxamides or N-(x-hydroxyalkyl)acridine-4-carboxamides to give respective ester conjugates upon Yamaguchi protocol. This esterification required protection of phenol group in MPA. Designed conjugates revealed higher...
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Entrained Flow Plasma Gasification of Sewage Sludge–Proof-of-Concept and Fate of Inorganics
PublikacjaSewage sludge is a residue of wastewater processing that is biologically active and consists of water, organic matter, including dead and living pathogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals, as well as organic and inorganic pollutants. Landfilling is on the decline, giving way to more environmentally friendly utilisation routes. This paper presents the results of a two-stage gasification–vitrification system, using...
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A Comparison of the Efficiency of Deammonification under Different Aeration Strategies in a Laboratory-Scale Sequencing Batch Reactor
PublikacjaAn important source of nitrogen load entering the biological part of wastewater treatment plants (WWPTs) is derived from the anaerobic sludge digestion processes. Sludge digestion liquors constitute only 1-2% of the inflow to the plant, but the load of nitrogen directed with them to the main stream may be as high as 10-20% of the total nitrogen load. Therefore, numerous studies have focused on treatment of sludge digestion liquors...
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Nitrogen transformations and mass balances in anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic batch experiments with full-scale biomasses from BNR activated sludge systems.
PublikacjaThe aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen mass balances occurring inside full-scale BNR activated sludge systems, with special attention to colloidal and dissolved organic nitrogen (CON and DON) transformations. For this purpose, laboratory experiments were carried out using process biomass from two large BNR plants in northern Poland. Two parallel batch reactors were operated in a 3-phase (anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic) cycle....
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Nitrogen transformations and mass balances in anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic batch experiments with full-scale biomasses from BNR activated sludge systems.
PublikacjaThe aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen mass balances occurring inside full-scale BNR activated sludge systems, with special attention to colloidal and dissolved organic nitrogen (CON and DON) transformations. For this purpose, laboratory experiments were carried out using process biomass from two large BNR plants in northern Poland. Two parallel batch reactors were operated in a 3-phase (anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic) cycle....
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Synthesis and characterisation of starch cuprate
PublikacjaThe cupration of granular potato starch with ammonium tetrachlorocuprate(II) was performed by a 20 min lasting microwave-assisted process and by 40 min convectional heating. In both cases the degree of esterification (DE) did not exceed 0.0064. A higher dose of cuprate had a positive effect on DE, regardless of whether the microwave irradiation or the convectional heating was applied, and on the thermal stability of the starch...
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Denitrifcation rate in the mainstream deammonification
PublikacjaThe conventional processes of biological nitrogen removal based on nitrification and denitrification does not fit properly into the concept of the circular economy. As the alternative one should consider the deammonification process, which is a combination of partial nitrification (nitritation) and Anammox processes. It consists of removing ammonium nitrogen from wastewater under anaerobic conditions by a group of autotrophic microorganisms....
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REVIEW ON COMPETITION АОB AND NОВ AS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT FOR COST EFFECTIVE METHODS OF REMOVING NITROGEN FROM WASTEWATER
PublikacjaThe aim of this paper is analysis of process principles and possible factors used to induce inhibition of nitrite oxidation by NOB (Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria) which could be obtained during not very well understood processes: so called “shortcut” or “partial” nitrification as well deammonification, by qualitative/quantitative studies of AOB (Ammonium Oxidizing Bacteria) and NOB populations in activated...
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Lipids and Food Quality
PublikacjaThis chapter deals with lipids present in food as well as their chemical, biological, and functional properties. The chapter begins with a presentation of the main groups of lipids including their chemical structure and physical properties. The physical properties of lipids affecting food processing are covered. Then, the role of lipids in human nutrition is presented. This is followed by a description of the undesirable changes...
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Elucidating the impact of enzymatic modifications on the structure, properties, and applications of cellulose, chitosan, starch and their derivatives: a review
PublikacjaPolysaccharides, as one of the most prominent natural biopolymers, display numerous biological activities and industrial applications. Nevertheless, some polysaccharides lack biological properties or display weak biological activities. Besides, practical usages of polysaccharides still remain challenging because of their poor solubility and inappropriate hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance. Hence, enzymatic or chemical modifications...
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Potential applications of crude glycerol in polymer technology–Current state and perspectives
PublikacjaThe increasing use of bio-based fuels and fuel additives, among them biodiesel, causes significant surplus of crude glycerol on the market which creates new challenges in terms of its sustainable utilization. A lot of ways for the incorporation of this by-product into different branches of industry requires purification by expensive and complicated processes. Therefore, researchers are seeking for applications of untreated crude...
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Nitrogen removal via the nitrite pathway during wastewater co-treatment with ammonia-rich landfill leachates in a sequencing batch reactor
PublikacjaThe biological treatment of ammonia-rich landfill leachates due to an inadequate C to N ratio requires expensive supplementation of carbon from an external carbon source. In an effort to reduce treatment costs, the objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of nitrogen removal via the nitrite pathway during landfill leachate co-treatment with municipal wastewater. Initially, the laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor...
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Improving the energy balance in wastewater treatment plants by optimization of aeration control and application of new technologies
PublikacjaThe methods to improve the energy balance of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by optimization of aeration process control and application of innovative nitrogen removal technologies were overviewed in the study. The control of aeration based on the ABAC (Ammonia-Based Aeration Control) system allows not only for significant savings in electricity consumption, but it can also increase the efficiency of the denitrification process....
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Influence of configurations of the beds on contaminations removal in hybrid constructed wetlands.
PublikacjaThree hybrid constructed wetlands in configuration HF-VF-HF in Poland and one with another configuration VF-HF-Pond in Gremany were analysed. These hybrid constructed wetlands provide the second stage biological treatment. They are located in Pommerania region, in Sarbsk, Wiklino and Wieszyno, and their capacities are 29.7, 18.6 and 24.5 m3/day, respectively. The analysed system in Germany in Waizenfeld (Gemeinde Pommelsbrunn,...
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Landfill leachate treatment at a pilot plant using hydrophyte systems
PublikacjaConstructed wetlands can provide an effective and economical solution to landfill leachate treatment. In the article the performance of a CW for leachate treatment, consisting of two horizontal flow constructed wetlands (HF-CW) beds, working at the municipal landfill in Gdansk-Szadolki in the period 2004-2005 is being discussed. The plant has been operating since 2001. Clogging problems and surface flow occurred in the system...