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Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: RETINOIC ACID
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Sample preparation procedure using extraction and derivatization of carboxylic acids from aqueous samples by means of deep eutectic solvents for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis
PublikacjaThe paper presents a new procedure for the determination of organic acids in a complex aqueous matrixusing ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by injection port derivati-zation and GC–MS analysis. A deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride: 4-methylphenol in a 1:2 mol ratio)was used both as an extracting solvent and as a derivatizing agent to yield ion pairs which were next con-verted to methyl...
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Pochodne kwasu neopentylidenofosforoditiowego jako substraty do syntezy ugrupowania trisulfidowego
PublikacjaBadania przeprowadzone w Katedrze Chemii Organicznej Wydziału Chemicznego Politechniki Gdańskiej na przestrzeni ostatnich kilku lat, pokazały wszechstronność pochodnych kwasu neopentylidenofosforoditiowego [32] w syntezie symetrycznie i niesymetrycznie podstawionego ugrupowania disulfidowego. Wyniki powyższych badań doprowadziły do opracowania nowej strategii syntetycznej, umożliwiającej otrzymywanie...
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Anomalous Behavior of Hyaluronan Crosslinking Due to the Presence of Excess Phospholipids in the Articular Cartilage System of Osteoarthritis
PublikacjaLubrication of articular cartilage is a complex multiscale phenomenon in synovial joint organ systems. In these systems, synovial fluid properties result from synergistic interactions between a variety of molecular constituent. Two molecular classes in particular are of importance in understanding lubrication mechanisms: hyaluronic acid and phospholipids. The purpose of this study is to evaluate interactions between hyaluronic acid...
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Opracowanie dogodnej metody tworzenia wiązań S-C o hybrydyzacji atomu węgla sp oraz sp2
PublikacjaBadania przeprowadzone w Katedrze Chemii Organicznej Wydziału Chemicznego Politechniki Gdańskiej na przestrzeni ostatnich kilku lat, pokazały wszechstronność pochodnych kwasu neopentylidenofosforoditiowego. Dotychczasowe wyniki badań doprowadziły mnie do opracowania nowych strategii syntetycznych, umożliwiających otrzymywanie związków zawierających wiązanie C-S o hybrydyzacji atomu węgla sp oraz sp2. Analizując wyniki badań opracowałam...
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4- (Tri-tert-butoxysilylthiomercurio)benzoic acid. Acta Cryst. Sect. E Struct. Rep. [online]**2003 vol. 59 s. m125-m127, 2 rys. 2 tab. bibliogr. 12 poz. Kwas 4-(tri-tert-butoksysililotiortęcio)benzoesowy.
PublikacjaTytułowy związek otrzymano poprzez reakcję kwasu 4-hydroksyrtęciobenzoesowe-go z tri-tert-butoksysilanotiolem. Przy użyciu rentgenowskiej analizy struk-turalnej monokryształów wyznaczono strukturę cząsteczkową i krystaliczną te-go związku.
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Molecular Umbrellas Modulate the Selective Toxicity of Polyene Macrolide Antifungals
PublikacjaAntifungal polyene macrolide antibiotics Amphotericin B (AmB) and Nystatin (NYS) were conjugated through the ω-amino acid linkers with diwalled “molecular umbrellas” composed of spermidine-linked deoxycholic or cholic acids. The presence of “umbrella” substituents modulated biological properties of the antibiotics, especially their selective toxicity. Some of the AmB-umbrella conjugates demonstrated antifungal in vitro activity...
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Mangiferin Affects Melanin Synthesis by an Influence on Tyrosinase: Inhibition, Mechanism of Action and Molecular Docking Studies
PublikacjaMangiferin is a strong antioxidant that presents a wide range of biological activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the influence of mangiferin on tyrosinase, an enzyme responsible for melanin synthesis and the unwanted browning process of food. The research included both the kinetics and molecular interactions between tyrosinase and mangiferin. The research proved that mangiferin inhibits tyrosinase...
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An LC-MS/MS Method for a Comprehensive Determination of Metabolites of BTEX Anaerobic Degradation in Bacterial Cultures and Groundwater
PublikacjaBTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the different xylene isomers), known for carcinogenic and neurotoxic effects, are common environmental contaminants. The first step for the development of the bioremediation technologies is the detection of intense microbial degradation in contaminated waters in the quest for the most active bacterial strains. This requires the multispecies analysis for BTEX metabolites which are considered...
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PCA and multidimensional visualization techniques united to aid bioindication of elements from transplanted Sphagnum palustre moss exposed in the Gdańsk city area
PublikacjaPrzedstawiono wyniki badań zanieczyszczenia atmosfery w Gdańsku za pomocą oznaczeń 18 metali ciężkich w martwych i żyjących mchach Spagnum palustre. Mchy były eksponowane w 12 punktach miasta, a oznaczenia metali przeprowadzono techniką analizy neutronowej. Celem pracy było zbadanie: przydatności żywych i martwych mchów do biokumulacji metali, zanieczyszczenia poszczególnych dzielnic Gdańska metalami ciężkimi oraz narażenia mieszkańców...
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Contactless Hearing Aid for Infants Employing Signal Processing Algorithms. [Bezkontaktowy aparat słuchowy dla niemowląt wykorzystujący algorytmy przetwarzania sygnału]
PublikacjaZaprojektowany bezkontaktowy aparat słuchowy umiejscawiany jest w łóżeczku niemowlęcia. Aparat składający się z matrycy 4 mikrofonów oraz prototypowej karty z procesorem DSP pracuje w polu swobodnym. Przetworzony sygnał mowy emitowany jest z wykorzystaniem miniaturowych głośników. Opracowane algorytmy pozwalają na elminację akustycznych sprzężeń zwrotnych, które mogą wystepować ze względu na niewielką odległość mikrofonów od głośników...
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XRD patterns of V2O5 thin films deposited on isotropic etching silicon substrates (111)
Dane BadawczeThe DataSet contains the XRD patterns of V2O5 thin films deposited on isotropic etching silicon substrates (111). The silicon wafers were etched in a mixture of nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and acetic acid in the ratio of 40:1:15. The soaking time for the substrates was from 30 to 90 seconds. The thin films were obtained by the sol-gel method. ...
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Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines Content during Ageing of Dry-cured Pork Loins Inoculated with <i>Lactobacillus casei</i> ŁOCK 0900 Probiotic Strain
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Rapid ion-exchange matrix removal for a decrease of detection limits in the analysis of salt-rich reservoir waters for fluorobenzoic acids by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry
PublikacjaA matrix removal procedure with ion-exchange resin prior to analysis for 18 fluorinated benzoic acids (FBAs) tracers in saline (>25% salt) reservoir water was optimized. The elimination of >98% of salt and the simultaneous matrix sample cleanup allowed the direct analysis using the supernatant by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This resulted in a gain in detection limits for most of the tracers...
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Application of headspace-solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine short-chain monocarboxylic acids in cattle farm wastewater and waste landfill leachates
PublikacjaZaproponowano metodykę oznaczania krótkołańcuchowych kwasów monokarboksylowych w ściekach z hodowli bydła i odciekach ze składowisk zawierających organiczne odpady, oparta na technice mikroekstrakcji do fazy stacjonarnej z fazy nadpowierzchniowej próbek ciekłych, w połączeniu ze sprzężonym układem GC-MS.
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Unusual odd-chain and trans-octadecenoic fatty acids in tissues of feral European beaver (Castor fiber), Eurasian badger (Meles meles) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides).
PublikacjaW lipidach wyizolowanych z różnych partii ciała bobrów, borsuków i jenotów stwierdzono obecność znaczących ilości niezwykłych jak na zwierzęta jednożołądkowe kwasów tłuszczowych - nieparzystowęglowych nasyconych i jednonienasyconych KT (15:0, 17:0, 15:1 i 17:1) oraz (w lipidach tkanek bobra i jenota) oktadecenowych KT konfiguracji trans, w tym kwasu wakcenowego - KT charakterystycznych dla tkanek i mleka przeżuwaczy. Obecność tych...
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AID-4WATER Synergiczny efekt zaawansowanych metod utleniania (elektrolizy i ozonowania) zaimplementowany do oczyszczania ścieków z placówek medycznych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ścieżek degradacji farmaceutyków
ProjektyProjekt realizowany w Wydział Inżynierii Lądowej i Środowiska zgodnie z porozumieniem 20/1/2022/IDUB/I3b/Ag z dnia 2023-03-27
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SEM micrographs of V2O5 thin films deposited on isotropic etching silicon substrates (111)
Dane BadawczeThe DataSet contains the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of V2O5 thin films deposited on isotropic etching silicon substrates (111). The silicon wafers were etched in a mixture of nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and acetic acid in the ratio of 40:1:15. The soaking time for the substrates was from 30 to 90 seconds. The thin films were...
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New generation of analytical tests based on the assessment of enzymatic and nuclear receptor activity changes induced by environmental pollutants
PublikacjaAnalytical methods show great potential in biological tests. The analysis of biological response that results from environmental pollutant exposure allows: (i) prediction of the risk of toxic effects and (ii) provision of the background for the development of markers of the toxicants presence. Bioanalytical tests based on changes in enzymatic activity and nuclear receptor action provide extremely high specificity and sensitivity....
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Bacterial cellulose vs. bacterial cellulose nanocrystals as stabilizer agents for O/W pickering emulsions
PublikacjaThe growing interest in Pickering emulsions in functional food systems resulted in the need to find suitable stabilizers for them. The work considers the use of bacterial cellulose for this purpose, and its aim was to compare the properties of disintegrated bacterial cellulose, before and after freeze-drying, and its nanocrystals obtained using H2SO4 under variable of time and concentration conditions. The structure of nanocrystals...
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Application of Alanine Scanning to Determination of Amino Acids Essential for Peptide Adsorption at the Solid/Solution Interface and Binding to the Receptor: Surface-Enhanced Raman/Infrared Spectroscopy versus Bioactivity Assays
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Management of Dark Fermentation Broth via Bio Refining and Photo Fermentation
PublikacjaLignocellulose and starch-based raw materials are often applied in the investigations regarding biohydrogen generation using dark fermentation. Management of the arising post-fermentation broth becomes a problem. The Authors proposed sequential processes, to improve the efficiency of both hydrogen generation and by-products management carried under model conditions. During the proposed procedure, the simple sugars remaining in...
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Comparative Analysis of Metabolic Variations, Antioxidant Profiles and Antimicrobial Activity of Salvia hispanica (Chia) Seed, Sprout, Leaf, Flower, Root and Herb Extracts
PublikacjaThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profiles of the seeds, sprouts, leaves, flowers, roots and herb of Salvia hispanica and to demonstrate their significant contribution to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Applied methods were: HPLC-DAD coupled with post-column derivatization with ABTS reagent, untargeted metabolomics performed by LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and two-fold micro-dilution broth method, which...
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Phytochemical screening and biological evaluation of Greek sage (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) extracts
PublikacjaThis study explores the influence of extraction solvents on the composition and bioactivity of Salvia fruticosa extracts. Ultrasound-assisted extraction with water, ethanol and their mixtures in variable proportions was used to produce four different extracts. An untargeted UPLC/MS‑based metabolomics was performed to discover metabolites profile variation between the extracts. In the analyzed samples, 2704 features had been detected,...
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel analogues of batracylin with synthetic amino acids and adenosine: an unexpected effect on centromere segregation in tumor cells through a dual inhibition of topoisomerase IIa and Aurora B
PublikacjaIn the search for new anticancer agents we designed and synthesized batracylin derivatives with linking synthetic amino acid side chains of different lengths and adenosine. Unexpectedly, we have found that in water and the culture media adenosine–amino acid–BAT conjugates form supramolecular structures and this prevents these compounds from entering cells. Consequently, these compounds exerted no biological activity when tested...
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INVESTIGATION OF ACIDIC SOLUTIONS BY POTENTIOMETRIC TASTE SENSOR WITH ALL SOLID STATE ELECTRODES
PublikacjaPotentiometric taste sensors with electrodes containing lipophilic compound / polymer membranes were already used to distinguish commercial liquid products. In this paper a new potentiometric taste sensor consisting of six All Solid State Electrodes (ASSEs) has been presented. Each of the membrane contains a selected lipophilic compound. The set-up consists of a reference electrode and six ASSEs. The inner layer made of a conducting...
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Cytotoxicity of chitosan hydrogels aginst L929 cells
Dane BadawczeThis study presents absorbance values of formazan product (converted from MTT) which corresponds to the cytotoxicity of chitosan compounds (dissolved in carbonic acid, dissolved in carbonic acid endotoxin free, and dissolved in hydroxyacetic acid) aginst adult mouse fibroblast L929 cells. The experiments were carried out according to the ISO 10993-5:2009(E)...
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Searching for the primary metabolic alterations of polycystic ovary syndrome by application of the untargeted metabolomics approach
PublikacjaDespite a large number of studies, the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) still remains unexplained. In light of ambiguous observations reported in metabolomics, there is a need to carry out studies focusing on confirming the discriminating power of the proposed metabolomics biomarkers. Our research aimed to perform a validation study of metabolites detected in our previous study from serum samples, on the new set...
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Mechanism of Isomerization and Acid-Induced Transformations of 3-Hydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-3'-methyl-3-oxo-7,7'-bis(piperidino-carbonyloxy)-2,2'-spirobi-[2H,2'H,3H,3'H-benzo[b]thiophene]. Unusual Equilibrium between the Spiro and 3-Hydroxy-benzothiophene Systems.
PublikacjaStwierdzono, że 3'-hydroksy-4,4'-dimetoksy-3'-metylo-3-okso-7,7'-bis(piperydynokarbonyloksy)-2,2'-spirobi[2H,2'H,3H,3'H-benzo[b]tiofen] występuje w roztworach postaci mieszaniny dwóch diastereoizomerów pozostających w dynamicznej równowadze. Mechanizm tej równowagi oparty jest na odwracalnym otwarciu pierścienia z 1,5 przeniesieniem protonu i utworzeniu przjściowej formy 3-hydroksybenzotiofenu.
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Stability Investigation of the PCM Nanocomposites
PublikacjaEnsuring the stability is a key issue to be solved for the technical application of nanocomposites. In this work, fatty acid P1801 served as base phase change material (PCM)P1801, and its main ingredients are palmitic acid (58%) and stearic acid (38%). Titania (TiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) with mass concentrations of 1% and 5% were selected as nanoparticles, while polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or oleic acid (OA) with mass concentrations...
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Grzegorz Szwoch dr hab. inż.
OsobyGrzegorz Szwoch urodził się w 1972 roku w Gdańsku. W latach 1991-1996 studiował na wydziale Elektroniki Politechniki Gdańskiej. W roku 1996 ukończył studia w Zakładzie Inżynierii Dźwięku (obecnie Katedra Systemów Multimedialnych), broniąc pracę dyplomową pt. Modelowanie fizyczne wybranych instrumentów muzycznych. W tym samym roku dołączył do zespołu badawczego Katedry jako uczestnik Studium Doktoranckiego. Od stycznia 2001 roku...
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Isolation of the GFA1 gene encoding glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase of Sporothrix schenckii and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PublikacjaGlucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlcN-6-P synthase) is an essential enzyme involved in cell wall biogenesis that has been proposed as a strategic target for antifungal chemotherapy. Here we describe the cloning and functional characterization of Sporothrix schenckii GFA1 gene which was isolated from a genomic library of the fungus. The gene encodes a predicted protein of 708 amino acids that is homologous to GlcN-6-P synthases...
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Role of distillation in determination of SCFAs in samples of different origin
PublikacjaShort-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are very volatile compounds and choosing an appropriate isolation and enrichement technique is a key to their determination. Distillation is one of methods which can be applied. There are many types of distillation. The simplest ones are direct, steam and fractional distillation, but they are not used very often and have some drawbacks. However, many modifications of basic distillation have been...
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The Drop-in-Drop Encapsulation in Chitosan and Sodium Alginate as a Method of Prolonging the Quality of Linseed Oil
PublikacjaNowadays, the encapsulation of sensitive products by various techniques has become popular as a promising preservation method. In particular, this applies to oils with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids and a high susceptibility to deterioration. This work presents the possibility of using a chitosan and sodium alginate in the form of a hydrogel membrane to protect food ingredients such as linseed oil, which is stored in...
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Determination of volatile fatty acids in municipal wastewater and leachates from sewage sludge allotments and compost piles using direct aqueous injection gas chromatography preceded by distillation based sample cleanup
PublikacjaOpracowano metodykę i wykorzystano ją do oznaczania lotnych kwasów tłuszczowych w zanieczyszczonych próbkach wodnych,takich jak ścieki komunalne, odcieki ze składowiska osadów ściekowych i pryzm kompostu, stosując metodę bezpośredniego dozowania rzeczywistej próbki wodnej lub jej rektyfikatu do chromatografu gazowego.
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Application of Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction with Poly(1-vinyl-3- Hexylimidazolium Chloride) Polymeric Ionic Liquid Coating using GC - MS to Determine Volatile Fatty Acids in Dairy Wastewater
PublikacjaVolatile fatty acids were determined in this study using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with a poly(1-vinyl-3-hexylimidazolium chloride) polymeric ionic liquid coated fiber followed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Experimental parameters such as extraction time and temperature, sample volume as well as desorption time and temperature were optimized. Detection limits of the method were in the range of...
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The effect of high molecular weight bio-based diamine derivative of dimerized fatty acids obtained from vegetable oils on the structure, morphology and selected properties of poly(ether-urethane-urea)s
PublikacjaIn this work, the effect of the high molecular weight bio-based diamine on the chemical structure and selected properties of poly(ether-urethane-urea)s has been investigated. The ether-urethane prepolymer was cured using 1,4-butanediol and/or bio-based diamine. Mentioned chain extenders were used separately or in the mixture, and their different molecular weight and chemical structure resulted in obtaining materials with diversified...
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A theoretical framework for understanding trust and distrust in internet voting
PublikacjaEach and every case of success and failure in the implementation of internet voting is permeated by a common element: the concept of trust. Several researchers highlighted the relevance of creating trust for the successful implementation of technology [15] and, in particular, of internet voting [13]. But the concept itself is complex and challenging to define, for one fundamental reason: it is a concept of everyday social use...
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El empleo en el marco de la transformación digital: Gig Economy vs Open Collaboration ¿dos caras de una misma moneda?
PublikacjaTal y como plantea Pérez [43, 44], estamos viviendo los efectos de una revolución tecnológica ligada al desarrollo de las TICs. Los procesos de innovación, describe, se retroalimentan colectivamente, involucrando diferentes actores (productores, proveedores, distribuidores y consumidores) entrelazados en clústeres o redes dinámicas y complejas. Estos procesos colectivos ayudan a desarrollar e implementar tecnologías y magnifican...
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Trust and distrust in electoral technologies: what can we learn from the failure of electronic voting in the Netherlands (2006/07)
PublikacjaThis paper focuses on the complex dynamics of trust and distrust in digital government technologies by approaching the cancellation of machine voting in the Netherlands (2006-07). This case describes how a previously trusted system can collapse, how paradoxical the relationship between trust and distrust is, and how it interacts with adopting and managing electoral technologies. The analysis stresses how, although...
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De la façon dont les réseaux sociaux se croisent dans la vie des migrants
PublikacjaÉste es un texto muy complicado de titular. A pesar de lo sugerente de la idea de escribir acerca de dos conceptos intensamente relacionados, como son el de migración y el de redes. Esta misma intensidad en su interrelación implica una multiplicidad de sentidos que complican el trabajo explicativo del científico social, por su cuantioso número de opciones, y el trabajo comprensivo del lector, por la posible confusión que esta situación...
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Synthesis of amides under microwave irradiation
PublikacjaAmides belong to the most important carboxylic acid derivatives. They are constituents of natural compounds like peptides and proteins. They found applications in many branches of science and industry, especially in pharmaceutical and polymer science. Conventional procedures for amide preparation involve reaction between amine and carboxylic acid or their more active derivatives such as acid chlorides, acid anhydrides or esters....
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Isolation of Citrus lemon extracellular vesicles: Development and process control using capillary electrophoresis
PublikacjaA new and scalable method for the isolation of extracellular vesicles (EV) from Citrus lemon juice samples was developed. The methodology included preliminary preconcentration of the sample using ultrafiltration (UF) followed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) purification and final preconcentration of the eluates. Transmission electron microscopy and proteomic analysis showed that isolates contained exosome-like vesicles, exocyst-positive...
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Butyrylcholinesterase signal sequence self-aggregates and enhances amyloid fibril formation in vitro
PublikacjaAlzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis has been attributed to extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the human brain. It has been reported that butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) also accumulates in the brain Aβ plaques in AD. We have previously found that the BChE substitution in 5′UTR caused an in-frame N-terminal extension of 41 amino acids of the BChE signal peptide. The resultant variant...
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Salinity enhances high optically active L-lactate production from co-fermentation of food waste and waste activated sludge: Unveiling the response of microbial community shift and functional profiling
PublikacjaLactic acid (LA), a versatile platform molecule, can be fermented from organic wastes, such as food waste and waste activated sludge. In this study, an efficient approach using salt, a component of food waste as an additive, was proposed to increase LA production. The LA productivity was increased at 10 g NaCl/L and optical pure L-lactate was obtained at 30 g NaCl/L. The enhancement of LA was in accordance with the increased solubilization...
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Gold nanocubic structures functionalization with organic layers
Dane BadawczeThis dataset contains the XPS spectra obtained for gold nanocubes (AuNC), which were deposited at the gold electrode surface and dried. The AuNC's were first functionalized with either cysteamine in EtOH or mercaptopropionic acid in EtOH. The concentration of these compounds was 20 mM. The interaction of the functionalized with the AuNC surface was...
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The effect of raw material type on endotoxin content .
Dane BadawczeThe datasets contain the results of determining the effect of raw material type on endotoxin content as well as the effect of purification methods. The endotoxin concentration was determined using the PyroGene Recombinant Factor C Endpoint Fluorescent Assay. Beckmann-Kenko sodium alginate and Chemat sodium salt of alginic acid were used for the assays....
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Effect of choline chloride based natural deep eutectic solvents on aqueous solubility and thermodynamic properties of acetaminophen
PublikacjaIn this work, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) containing choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor and 1,2-propanediol, malic acid and tartaric acid as hydrogen bond donors have been synthesized and applied to enhance the aqueous solubility of model sparingly water-soluble drug – acetaminophen. The results indicate that the greatest impact on the solubility of acetaminophen have deep eutectic solvents based on 1,2-propanediol...
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Local hidden–variable models for entangled quantum states
PublikacjaWhile entanglement and violation of Bell inequalities were initially thought to be equivalent quantum phenomena, we now have different examples of entangled states whose correlations can be described by local hidden-variable models and, therefore, do not violate any of the Bell inequalities. We provide an up-to-date overview of the existing literature regarding local hidden-variable models for entangled quantum states, in both...
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Enhanced cellulose extraction from agave plant (Agave americana Species) for synthesis of magnetic/cellulose nanocomposite for defluoridation of water
PublikacjaResearch on fluoride removal from water is currently focusing on the development of innovative materials for defluoridation water. The current study extracted and used enhanced cellulose from Agave americana species to synthesize a magnetic/cellulose nanocomposite for water defluoridation. Strong and light binary acids (H2SO4 and CH3COOH) were utilized to pretreat raw material to enhance cellulose extraction. Central composite...
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Investigation of sweet substances of different molecular structure by potentiometric taste sensor with all solid state electrodes
PublikacjaA five channel potentiometric taste sensor consisting of an array of All Solid State Electrodes (ASSESs) with different lipid-polymer membranes has been developed. The electrodes are constructed of glassy carbon discs with electrochemically deposited poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) acting as ion to electron transducer. The outer layer of the electrode is lipid-polymer membrane. Lipid substances immobilized in PVC membranes...