Filtry
wszystkich: 1087
wyświetlamy 1000 najlepszych wyników Pomoc
Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: STRENGTH OF INSECT WINGS
-
Wykładnicze równanie Arrheniusa jako funkcja dojrzałości twardniejącego betonu
PublikacjaPoprawne określenie funkcji dojrzałości dla mieszanki betonowej warunkuje powodzenie szacowania wytrzymałości na ściskanie na bazie pomiarów temperatury in situ. W artykule omówiono zastosowanie równania Arrheniusa do opisu funkcji dojrzewania twardniejącego betonu. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na zależności szybkości zachodzenia reakcji w odmiennych warunkach temperaturowych. Przedstawiono wyniki własnych badań na kostkach zaprawy...
-
Experimental study on the effect of selected sterilization methods on mechanical properties of polylactide FFF specimens
PublikacjaPurpose: Biodegradable polymers are widely used in personalized medical devices or scaffolds for tissue engineering. The manufacturing process should be finished with sterilization procedure. However, it is not clear how the different sterilization methods have an impact on the mechanical strength of the three-dimensional (3D)-printed parts, such as bone models or personalized mechanical devices. This paper aims to present the...
-
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Tensile and Flexural Behavior of Nanoclay Wood-Plastic Composite
PublikacjaIn this study, the effect of wood powder and nanoclay particle content on composites’ mechanical behavior made with polyethylene matrix has been investigated. The wood flour as a reinforcer made of wood powder was at levels of 30, 40, and 50 wt.%, and additional reinforcement with nanoclay at 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt.%. Furthermore, to make a composite matrix, high-density polyethylene was used at levels of 70, 60, and 50% by weight....
-
Buckling analyses of metal cylindrical silos containing bulk solids during filling
PublikacjaThe paper presents 3D results on stability of thin-walled cylindrical metal silos made of isotropic rolled and corrugated plates containing bulk solids. The behavior of bulk solids was described using a hypoplastic constitutive model. Nonlinear finite element (FE) analyses with both geometric and material nonlinearity were performed with a perfect and an imperfect silo shell wherein initial geometric imperfections were taken into...
-
Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Parts and Their Injection Molded Alternatives Subjected to Environmental Aging
PublikacjaAdditive manufacturing is the technology used in medical, industrial, or lifestyle applications. The scientific literature include works reporting various manufacturing parameters’ influence on changes in additive manufacturing components’ mechanical behavior, especially with fused filament fabrication (FFF). The changes in mechanical strength and toughness of FFF compared to injection molding parts were studied. In the study,...
-
Reliability model of slide bearings with particular attention given to lubricating oil
PublikacjaThe paper presents the slide bearing with circulating lubrication as a system of series three-element structure, where lubricating oil is the weakest link. In accordance with the Pierce statement that ''strength of chain is the strength of its weakest link'', a bearing reliability model has been developed. It allows to use the lubricating oil to evaluate the probability of correct working of the whole slide bearing, i.e. the reliability....
-
Three-Dimensional Printing of Bone Models
PublikacjaThe trabecular bone occurs, for example, in the femoral heads. Understanding the phenomenon of bone tissue degeneration can be the basis for the possibility of looking for alternative methods of surgical treatment of bone loss. The paper presents the results of the trabecular bone model, which was produced in additive manufacturing method with fused filament fabrication technology. The verification of the mechanical behavior of...
-
Measurement of Seafloor Acoustic Backscatter Angular Dependence at 150 kHz Using a Multibeam Echosounder
PublikacjaAcoustic seafloor measurements with multibeam echosounders (MBESs) are currently often used for submarine habitat mapping, but the MBESs are usually not acoustically calibrated for backscattering strength (BBS) and cannot be used to infer absolute seafloor angular dependence. We present a study outlining the calibration and showing absolute backscattering strength values measured at a frequency of 150 kHz at around 10–20 m water...
-
Mechanical properties of two-stage concrete modified by silica fume
PublikacjaAbstract. Two-stage concretes, despite the fact that they have proven themselves in various types of construction, have not been studied to the same extent as traditional heavy concretes. Therefore, the article developed the composition of frame concrete with various additives in the composition of the cement-sand mortar. A comparison of the mechanical characteristics of the developed compositions with the addition of silica fume...
-
Tensile curve of E grade steel for shipbuilding
Dane BadawczeIn the shipbuilding industry, the risk of brittle fractures developing in constructions is limited by employing certified materials of specific impact strength, determined using the Charpy method (for a given design temperature) and by exercising control over the welding processes (technology qualification, supervision of production, tests of non-destructive...
-
Mechanical Performance and Environmental Assessment of Sustainable Concrete Reinforced with Recycled End-of-Life Tyre Fibres
PublikacjaThe presented research’s main objective was to develop the solution to the global problem of using steel waste obtained during rubber recovery during the tire recycling. A detailed comparative analysis of mechanical and physical features of the concrete composite with the addition of recycled steel fibres (RSF) in relation to the steel fibre concrete commonly used for industrial floors was conducted. A study was carried out using...
-
Nano soil improvement technique using cement
PublikacjaNano soil-improvement is an innovative idea in geotechnical engineering. Nanomaterials are among the newest additives that improve soil properties. Herein, laboratory tests, such as unconfined compressive strength, direct shear test, and initial tests, were conducted to investigate the geotechnical properties of Kelachay clay with micro- and nanosized cement to evaluate its particles in untreated soil and observe changes in the...
-
Mechanical and physical assessment of epoxy, mineral, solvent-based, and water-soluble coating materials
PublikacjaThis paper assesses the behavior of mineral, epoxy (EP), solvent, and water-soluble coatings when exposed to salt and regular water for 28 days. Also, it evaluates the pull-off adhesion strength of the same coating materials applied to concrete slabs saturated with oil and water and dried with two different processes: air-dried for 28 days and air-dried for 14 days plus 14 days in the oven at 70 °C. Properties such as carbonation,...
-
Experiments and calibration of a bond-slip relation and efficiency factors for textile reinforcement in concrete
PublikacjaTextile reinforcement yarns consist of many filaments, which can slip relative each other. At modelling of the global structural behaviour, interfilament slip in the yarns, and slip between the yarns and the concrete can be considered by efficiency factors for the stiffness and strength of the yarns, and by applying a bond-slip relation between yarns and concrete. In this work, an effective and robust method for calibration of...
-
Influence of cyclic frozen and defrost on mechanical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-coated woven fabrics
PublikacjaThis research aims to determine the influence of the cyclic process of freezing and defrosting on the mechanical properties of the chosen glass fibres and PTFE-coated woven fabrics. The specimens were subjected to freezing at about −20 °C for 4 h and thawing by full immersion into the water at about +20 °C for 4 h. The fabric samples after 25 and 50 frozen cycles were air-dried at room temperature for one week and then subjected...
-
Badania wytrzymałościowe zgrzein łączących pręty zbrojeniowe o średnicy Ø30mm
PublikacjaZakres badań dotyczy oceny wytrzymałościowej zgrzein doczołowych, wykonanych metodą zwarciową. Elementami zgrzewanymi były pręty zbrojeniowe o średnicy Ø30mm. Badania związane są z okresową kontrolą stabilności parametrów zgrzewarki, szczególnie w odniesieniu do górnych, dopuszczalnych przez producenta zakresów parametrów zgrzewania oraz analizą wyników i porównaniu rezultatów prób wytrzymałościowych uzyskanych w 2019 i 2020 w...
-
Effect of slightly crosslinked butyl rubber and compatibilizer additives on properties of recycled polyethylene-ground tire rubber blends
PublikacjaSlightly crosslinked butyl rubber, (PhMe2CO)(2) and maleic anhydride were added as compatibilizer to the recycled polyethylene-ground tire rubber blends. Recycled postprodn. and postconsumer (shredded bottle caps) polyethylene wastes were used. The thermoplastic compns. were studied for statistic and dynamic mech. properties and morphol. The addn. of butyl rubber resulted in a decrease of the tensile strength and hardness of the...
-
Some problems of slide bearing material fatigue evaluation.
PublikacjaA slide bearing alloy resistance against fatigue failures have been investigated for three different lubricants, different heat loadings and different stress ratio κ values. The research methods and data handling procedures for determination of particular parameter effects on fatigue strength have been described and analysed for experiments that were set and performed in laboratory tester SKMR-2. Main and interaction effects of...
-
Elicitation strategies for the improvement of essential oil content in Rhododendron tomentosum (Ledum palustre) bioreactor-grown microshoots
PublikacjaRhododendron tomentosum Harmaja, previously Ledum palustre L., is a fragrant plant growing in swampy areas, which is characterized by well-known repellent properties and the anti-arthritic potential. In the present study, R. tomentosum microshoots cultivated in RITA® bioreactor, providing the alternative, environment-independent source of the valuable essential oil, were treated for 7 days with copper and nickel salts, methyl jasmonate,...
-
Właściwości termoizolacyjne kompozytu wapienno-cementowego z udziałem paździerzy konopnych=Thermal insulation properties of the lime-cement composite with hemp shives
PublikacjaPrzedstawiono wyniki badań kompozytów wykonanych na bazie wapna budowlanego, cementu i dolomitu - spoiwa wiążącego z udziałem paździerzy konopi. Określono ich podstawowe właściwości, tj.: gęstość objętościową, współczynnik przewodzenia ciepła oraz wytrzymałości na ściskanie. Otrzymane wyniki dowodzą, że wytworzone kompozyty wapienno-cementowe z udziałem paździerzy konopnych są lekkie i charakteryzują się niskim współczynnikiem...
-
Processing of point cloud data retrieved from terrestrial laser scanning for structural modeling by Finite Element Method
PublikacjaFinite Element Method is one most popular contemporary method of strength analysis. The method is an advanced method for solving differential equations, based on discretization, which means that area is divided into finite elements. Each finite element has a solution of the equation approximated by specific functions and performing the actual calculations only for nodes of this division. Finite Element Method is widely used in...
-
Optimization of biocorrosion resistance and mechanical properties of PM Ti–XAl–2Fe–3Cu alloys by response surface methodology
PublikacjaIn the current study, the biocorrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the Ti–XAl–2Fe–3Cu (wt%) (X = 6, 4, 2 wt%) alloy produced by powder compact extrusion of blended elemental powders were optimized by using the response surface methodology in order to gain the best combination of processing parameters. To run the optimization process, central composite design with three equal levels of oxygen, hydrogen and aluminum was...
-
Shear resistance of low height precast concrete lintels
PublikacjaThe scope of the paper is to investigate analytically and determine experimentally the shear resistance of low height reinforced precast concrete lintels. The chosen procedures included in national and international standards applied for the design of structural concrete elements to an estimation of shear behaviour of reinforced concrete elements are described. The characteristic and designed shear strength of precast concrete...
-
Eksperymentalna weryfikacja procedury szacowania wytrzymałości młodego betonu wg normy ASTM C1074
PublikacjaW referacie przedstawiono metodę służącą oszacowaniu wytrzymałości betonu w trakcie procesu dojrzewania (ang. Maturity Method) bazującą na procedurze określonej zgodnie z amerykańską normą, która uwzględnia wpływ połączonych efektów temperatury i czasu na rozwój wytrzymałości betonu. Standardy ASTM C1074 zostały opracowane przez NBS (ang. National Bureau of Standards) z uwagi na powtarzające się wypadki na palcu budowy wynikające...
-
A facile approach to fabricate load-bearing porous polymer scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
PublikacjaBiodegradable porous scaffolds with oriented interconnected pores and high mechanical are load-bearing biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Herein, we report a simple, non-toxic, and cost-effective method to fabricate high-strength porous biodegradable scaffolds, composed of a polymer matrix of polycaprolactone (PCL) and water-soluble poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a sacrificial material by integrating annealing treatment,...
-
Fast Low-fidelity Wing Aerodynamics Model for Surrogate-Based Shape Optimization
PublikacjaVariable-fidelity optimization (VFO) can be efficient in terms of the computational cost when compared with traditional approaches, such as gradient-based methods with adjoint sensitivity information. In variable-fidelity methods, the directoptimization of the expensive high-fidelity model is replaced by iterative re-optimization of a physics-based surrogate model, which is constructed from a corrected low-fidelity model. The success...
-
Parametry mechaniczne platformy roboczej na podstawie badań DMT
PublikacjaNośność platformy roboczej określana jest w sposób analogiczny do nośności podłoża uwarstwionego, w którym warstwa wierzchnia zbudowana z gruntu niespoistego spoczywa na słabonośnym podłożu z gruntu spoistego. Badanie DMT wykorzystano do wyznaczenia parametrów wytrzymałościowych podłoża (kąta tarcia wewnętrznego warstwy górnej i wytrzymałości na ścinanie bez odpływu podłoża słabonośnego) oraz do wyznaczenia modułu odkształcenia...
-
Buckling analyses of cylindrical metal silos containing bulk solids
PublikacjaThe paper presents quasi-static 3D buckling analysis results of thin-walled cylindrical metal silos with and without bulk solids. The behaviour of the bulk solid was described with a hypoplastic constitutive model. Non-linear analyses with geometric and material non-linearity were performed with a perfect and an imperfect silo shell. Different initial geometric imperfections were considered. The influence of internally stored bulk...
-
The impact of natural fibers’ characteristics on mechanical properties of the cement composites
PublikacjaThe paper reviews the properties of cement composites reinforced with short fibres. The effect of natural fibres was investigated: cotton, sisal, jute, ramie, bamboo, and synthetic fibres: polymer and polypropylene. It was noticed that the fibres change the consistency of the mixture up to 15%. In the composite flexural strength tests, a change in strength by +/− 8% was observed, depending on the type of fibres used. The research...
-
SUBSOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VISTULA RIVER DIKES
PublikacjaThe results of CPTU tests are used to determine the strength parameters of a dike subsoil. Stress state and stress history of the subsoil under the flood embankment was evaluated with CPTU and DMT tests. Normally consolidated soil was found under the central part of the dike, while the subsoil near the dike toe is found to be overconsolidated. Due to consolidation the undrained shear strength of the subsoil under the central part...
-
Wyznaczanie wytrzymałości betonu na podstawie funkcji dojrzałości wg amerykańskiej normy ASTM C1074-11
PublikacjaArtykuł poświęcono wyznaczaniu wytrzymałości betonu na podstawie funkcji dojrzałości wg normy ASTM C1074-11 (ang. Maturity Method). Metoda bazuje na rejestracji zmian tem - peratury w trakcie hydratacji dojrzewającego betonu. Wartykule zaprezentowano procedurę badawczą służącą wyznaczeniu funk - cji dojrzałości dla wybranej mieszanki betonowej oraz zależności wytrzymałość-dojrzałość. Celem badań jest wyznaczanie zmian w czasie...
-
Bearing capacity of the working platform with kinematic method
PublikacjaBearing capacity of the working platform for heavy tracks was analysed using Distinct Layout Optimization (DLO) method. The platform layer constructed from cohesionless soils is resting on weak cohesive subgrade. Different thickness of the platform, its effective angle of internal friction and undrained shear strength of the soft soil were taken into consideration. Kinematic method permits different failure mechanisms to be analyzed....
-
Rheological, Mechanical, Microstructural and Radiation Shielding Properties of Cement Pastes Containing Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles
PublikacjaThis work examines the influence of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) on neutron and gamma-ray radiation shielding characteristics of Portland cement paste. Experimental evaluations were supplemented with theoretical studies using NXCom program. Portland cement pastes with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 wt% of nanomagnetite cement replacement were produced. Moreover, rheological, early strength development, compressive strength, and...
-
Meso‐scale analyses of size effect in brittle materials using DEM
PublikacjaThe paper describes numerical meso-scale results of a size effect on strength, brittleness and fracture in brittle materials like concrete. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate the size effect during quasi-static splitting tension with the experimental-based meso-structure. The two-dimensional (2D) calculations were carried out on concrete cylindrical specimens with two diameters wherein two different failure...
-
Pressure-induced flow processing behind the superior mechanical properties and heat-resistance performance of poly(butylene succinate)
PublikacjaWe propose a pressure-induced flow (PIF) processing method for the simultaneous enhancement of strength, toughness, and heat resistance of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). The pressure and temperature were systematically adjusted to optimize the tensile strength of PBS. Under the optimized processing conditions, the structured PBS was characterized by relatively high strength of 89.5 MPa, toughness of 21.4 kJ·m−2 ,...
-
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber/Modified Ground Tire Rubber Blends Co-Vulcanization: Effect of Accelerator Type
PublikacjaGround tire rubber was thermo-mechanically modified with using a co-rotating twin screw extruder. Modification of GTR was conducted in autothermal conditions. Styrene-butadiene rubber and modified ground tire rubber blends were prepared via two-roll milling. Obtained compounds were cured with conventional system (sulfur/vulcanization accelerator ratio was 2:1). During this research three commonly vulcanization accelerators (MBT,...
-
Effect of particle size of aluminosilicate microspheres on the change of hydration heat of cement mortars and selected physical, chemical, and mechanical properties.
Dane BadawczeThis subject of the work is the study of selected properties of cement mortars containing two fractions of aluminosilicate microspheres with grain size in the range of 125 to 250 μm and from 250 to 500 μm. Mortar mixtures with ordinary Portland cement (OPC 42.5R) and three substitution rates of cement by microspheres, 1.5%, 3.5%, and 5.0%, were investigated....
-
Temper bead welding of S420G2+M steel in water environment
PublikacjaThe article presents the idea of the use of Temper Bead Welding (TBW) technique to improve the weldability of high strength steel at underwater wet welding conditions. Wet welding method with the use of covered electrodes is described. This work shows results of metallographic examinations and hardness measurements of samples of S420G2+M steel with weld beads performed under water. It has been shown that Temper Bead Welding technique...
-
Docking simulations, Molecular properties and ADMET studies of novel Chromane6,7diol analogues as potential inhibitors of Mushroom tyrosinase
PublikacjaResearch on inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme has attained significant value, because tyrosinase inhibitors have potential applications in medicine, cosmetics (as whitening agents) and in agriculture (as bioinsecticides). Determination and elucidation of new tyrosinase inhibitors are not only beneficial for medical purposes, but their promising applications in improving food quality and nutritional...
-
Alphitobius diaperinus larvae (lesser mealworm) as human food – An approval of the European Commission – A critical review
PublikacjaDue to the increasing threat of climate change and the need for sustainable food sources, human consumption of edible insects or entomophagy has gained considerable attention globally. The larvae of Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), also known as the lesser mealworm, have been identified as a promising candidate for mass-rearing as a food source based the on evaluation on several aspects such as the production...
-
Selected Problems of Machine Dynamics II
Kursy OnlineThe following set of lectures is performed: 1. LECTURE No.1 - INTRODUCTION TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MACHINE DYNAMICS. STRUCTURES and MACHINES 2. LECTURE No.2 - ENVIRONMENT, LOADS ON STRUCTURES and MACHINES 3. LECTURE No.3 - DYNAMICS of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 4. LECTURE No.4 - STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 5. LECTURE No.5 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with DYNAMICS and STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES
-
Selected Problems of Machine Dynamics
Kursy OnlineThe following set of lectures is performed: 1. LECTURE No.1 - INTRODUCTION TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MACHINE DYNAMICS. STRUCTURES and MACHINES 2. LECTURE No.2 - ENVIRONMENT, LOADS ON STRUCTURES and MACHINES 3. LECTURE No.3 - DYNAMICS of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 4. LECTURE No.4 - STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 5. LECTURE No.5 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with DYNAMICS and STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES
-
Selected Problems of Machine Dynamics - advances
Kursy OnlineThe following set of lectures is performed: 1. LECTURE No.1 - INTRODUCTION TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MACHINE DYNAMICS. STRUCTURES and MACHINES 2. LECTURE No.2 - ENVIRONMENT, LOADS ON STRUCTURES and MACHINES 3. LECTURE No.3 - DYNAMICS of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 4. LECTURE No.4 - STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 5. LECTURE No.5 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with DYNAMICS and STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES
-
Selected Problems of Machine Dynamics - advances
Kursy OnlineThe following set of lectures is performed: 1. LECTURE No.1 - INTRODUCTION TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MACHINE DYNAMICS. STRUCTURES and MACHINES 2. LECTURE No.2 - ENVIRONMENT, LOADS ON STRUCTURES and MACHINES 3. LECTURE No.3 - DYNAMICS of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 4. LECTURE No.4 - STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 5. LECTURE No.5 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with DYNAMICS and STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES
-
Strenght of materials towards applications, PG_00053661
Kursy OnlineThe aim of the course is to perform the following subjects: 1. LECTURE No.1 - INTRODUCTION TO SELECTED PROBLEMS OF MACHINE DYNAMICS. STRUCTURES and MACHINES 2. LECTURE No.2 - ENVIRONMENT, LOADS ON STRUCTURES and MACHINES 3. LECTURE No.3 - DYNAMICS of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 4. LECTURE No.4 - STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES 5. LECTURE No.5 - SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED with DYNAMICS and STRENGTH of STRUCTURES and MACHINES
-
Efektywność skrępowania betonu w grubościennych słupach typu Concrete-Filled Steel Tube o przekroju kołowym
PublikacjaW słupach typu CFST w stanie granicznym dochodzi do zwiększenia wytrzymałości betonu rdzenia na skutek jego skrępowania. Zaistnienie tego zjawiska zależy od wielu czynników. Jednym z najważniejszych z nich jest sztywność obwodowa płaszcza stalowego. Jej wpływ na efektywność wzrostu wytrzymałości betonu rdzenia przebadano eksperymentalnie na grupie 48 grubościennych słupów CFST. Wykazano, że nadmierne zwiększanie grubości płaszcza...
-
Mechanical and fracture properties of concrete reinforced with recycled and industrial steel fibers using Digital Image Correlation technique and X-ray micro computed tomography
PublikacjaPaper presents investigation of fracture phenomenon in plain concrete and in concrete reinforced with both recycled steel fibers (RSF) and industrial steel fibers (ISF). The wedge splitting test (WST), which enables stable crack propagation for quasi-brittle materials, was carried out on 75 75 75 mm cube samples. Initially, fracture process zone development was investigated only on the surface of samples using Digital Image Correlation...
-
Properties of Old Concrete Built in the Former Leipziger Palace
PublikacjaThis research aims to determine the mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of old concrete used in the former Leipziger Palace in Wrocław, Poland. The cylindrical specimens were taken from the basement concrete walls using a concrete core borehole diamond drill machine. The determination of the durability and strength of old concrete was based on specified chosen properties of the old concrete obtained through the following...
-
Unprecedented Adhesive Performance of Propylene-Based Hydroxyl Functionalized Terpolymers
PublikacjaThe synthesis of hydroxyl functionalized propylene-based terpolymers and their performance as hot melt adhesives were investigated. The products comprise uniformly distributed butyl and 4-hydroxyl-butyl branches along the polypropylene backbone. Despite the low hydroxyl-functionality level of ≤ 0.5 mol%, hydroxyl functionalized terpolymers show formidable adhesion to aluminum and steel providing an adhesive strength exceeding 16...
-
A benchmark for particle shape dependence
PublikacjaParticle shape is a major parameter for the space-filling and strength properties of granular materials. For a systematic investigation of shape effect, a numerical benchmark test was set up within a collaborative group using different numerical methods and particles of various shape characteristics such as elongation, angularity and nonconvexity. Extensive 2D shear simulations were performed in this framework and the shear strength...