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Search results for: MODEL OF FUEL SPRAY
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Update a simple hypoplastic constitutive model
PublicationW artykule omówiono uproszczona formę hipoplastycznego konstytutywnego prawa materiałowego do opisu zachowania się materiałów granulowanych. Wykonano symulacje testów elementów i porównano wyniki z doświadczeniami.
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The model of photovoltaic phenomenon in thin inhomogeneously organic film
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono model zjawiska fotowoltaicznego w obecności gradientu pułapek nośników ładunku. Zakładając, że długość dyfuzji ekscytonów związana jest z koncentracją pułapek, wykazano, że napięcie fotowoltaiczne silnie zależy od gradientu koncentracji pułapek.
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Model of distributed learning objects repository for a heterogenic internet environment
PublicationW artykule wprowadzono pojęcie komponentu edukacyjnego jako rozszerzenie obiektu edukacyjnego o elementy zachowania (metody). Zaproponowane podejście jest zgodne z paradygmatem obiektowym. W oparciu o komponent edukacyjny zaprojektowano model budowy repozytorium materiałów edukacyjnych. Model ten jest oparty o usługi sieciowe i rejestry UDDI. Komponent edukacyjny oraz model repozytorium mogą znaleźć zastosowanie w konstrukcji zbiorów...
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Production of tropane alkaloids in Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) hairy roots grown in bubble-column and spray bioreactors
PublicationHairy root cultures of Hyoscyamus niger were cultivated in shake-flasks, a bubble-column bioreactor and a hybrid bubble-column/spray bioreactor and evaluated for alkaloid production.
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Investigating Fuel Injection Strategies to Enhance Ship Energy Efficiency in Wave Conditions
PublicationThe prediction of fuel consumption and resulting transportation costs is a crucial stage in ship design, particularly for conditions involving motion in waves. This study investigates the real-time fuel consumption of a container ship when sailing in waves. The overall ship performance is evaluated using a novel non-linear coupled hull-engine-propeller interaction model. A series of towing tank experiments for hull resistance in...
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Spray deposited carbon nanotubes counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells
PublicationCarbon nanotubes due to their catalytic properties are a promising alternative to platinum counter electrodes (CE) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). In this study, counter electrodes were made from double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) ink using the spray printing technique and afterwards thermally treated at temperatures ranging from 120 to 300 °C. Morphology and structure was studied using scanning electron microscopy and...
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Spray-deposited carbon-nanotube counter-electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells
PublicationCarbon nanotubes due to their catalytic properties are a promising alternative to platinum counter electrodes (CE) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). In this study, counter electrodes were made from double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) ink using the spray printing technique and afterwards they were thermally treated at temperatures ranging from 120 to 300 °C. Morphology and structure was studied using scanning electron microscopy...
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APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF SEMI-MARKOV PROCESSES TO DETERMINE A LIMITING DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROCESS OF CHANGES OF ABILITY AND INABILITY STATES OF FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN HEAVY FUEL DIESEL ENGINES
PublicationThe paper presents applicability of the theory of semi-Markov processes to determine a limiting distribution of the process of changes of technical states of fuel systems for marine engines running on heavy fuel oils. The proposed study of this process includes the components of such fuel systems like: 1 - injectors, 2 - high pressure hoses, 3 - injection pumps, 4 - low pressure hoses, 5 – fine filters, 6 - coarse filters, 7 – fuel-feed...
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Fuel systems of high power stationary engine
PublicationThe use of alternative fuels and, in the future, synthetic fuels has forced changes in the design of fuel supply systems in internal combustion engines. When operating a stationary engine at constant load, the possibility of using lean fuel mixtures appears. The selection of a precise operating mixture ignition system requires changes in traditional fuel systems. The article presents the current designs of fuel supply systems and...
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Heavy duty vehicle fuel consumption modelling using artificial neural networks
PublicationIn this paper an artificial neural network (ANN) approach to modelling fuel consumption of heavy duty vehicles is presented. The proposed method uses easy accessible data collected via CAN bus of the truck. As a benchmark a conventional method, which is based on polynomial regression model, is used. The fuel consumption is measured in two different tests, performed by using a unique test bench to apply the load to the engine. Firstly,...
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2D Mathematical Model of the Commutator Sliding Contact of an Electrical Machine
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono model matematyczny 2D komutatorowego zestyku ślizgowego z wieloma stopniami swobody. W modelu uwzględniono zmienne wymuszenia działające na szczotkę. Wymuszenia te są wynikiem falistości wirującego komutatora. Szczotka została zamodelowana jako system wielu mas, elementów sprężystych i tłumików rozłożonych w kierunku stycznym i promieniowym. Zamodelowano wszystkie oddziaływania lepkosprężyste pomiędzy komutatorem...
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Impedance monitoring of fuel cell stacks
PublicationThis paper presents an innovative, electrochemical impedance method for monitoring of electrochemical behaviour of a multi-cell, direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) device. This method not only provides classical voltage changes at successive cells but also allows their detailed impedance behaviour to be presented. Impedance characteristics of individual cells within a fuel cell stack (depending on actual operating conditions) are...
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General Active-RC filter model for computer-aided design
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono ogólną topologię filtru aktywnego RC czasu ciągłego. Proponowany model umożliwia zunifikowaną analizę wszystkich możliwych realizacji układowych filtrów aktywnych RC jako szczególnych przypadków danej struktury ogólnej. Poprawność modelu teoretycznego została zweryfikowana poprzez symulacje w programie SPICE.
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Evaluation of structural and electrical properties of multicomponent spinel oxide thin films deposited via spray pyrolysis technique
PublicationThis work reports the preparation of (Mn,Co,Fe,Ni,Cr)3O4 high-entropy spinel oxide in the form of a ~ 500 nm thin film utilising a facile spray pyrolysis technique. The structural and electrical properties of the layers were characterised after exposure to temperatures in the range of 400–900 ◦C. The as-deposited layers were amorphous, and crystallised upon heat treatment at 500 ◦C. Microstructural analyses proved a homogeneous...
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Silo music: Experimental investigations and a mechanical model
PublicationW artykule opisano zagadnienie zjawisk akustycznych oraz drgań występujących w silosach podczas przepływu materiałów granulowanych.
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STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLE MAINTENANCE AND FUEL CONSUMPTION
PublicationA contemporary road vehicle (RV) is a rather complex system, consisting of a large number of subsystems, assemblies, units, and elements (parts). While operating, an RV interacts with the environment, and its elements interact with each other. Consequently, the properties (parameters) of these elements change in the process - hardness, roughness, size, relative position, gapping, etc. A partial solution to the presented problems...
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Reliability model of two-shaft turbine combustion engine with heat regenerator
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono możliwość zastosowania teorii procesów semimarkowskich do opisu niezawodności turbinowego silnika spalinowego. Opracowano model niezawodnościowy w formie siedmiostanowego procesu semimarkowskiego, umożliwiający określenie prawdopodobieństw przebywania silnika w stanie zdatności oraz wyróżnionych stanach niezdatności.
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A novel concept of enhanced direct-contact condensation of vapour- inert gas mixture in a spray ejector condenser
PublicationAn analytical model of direct steam condensation (DCC) in the novel idea of spray ejector condenser (SEC) in the presence of inert gas has been developed. It is based on continuity, momentum and energy equations for the steam-carbon dioxide mixture and direct contact condensation mechanisms due to heat transfer and concentration. Crucial in the process of DCC is atomisation of the motive fluid in the ejector. The effect of atomised...
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Protective properties of Al2O3 + TiO2 coating produced by the electrostatic spray deposition method
PublicationMechanical resistance of Al2O3 + TiO2 nanocomposite ceramic coating deposited by electrostatic spray deposition method onto X10CrAlSi18 steel to thermal and slurry tests was investigated. The coating was produced from colloidal suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in 3 wt% solution of Al2(NO3)3, as Al2O3 precursor, in ethanol. TiO2 nanoparticles of two sizes, 15 nm and 32 nm, were used in the experiments. After deposition,...
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Degradation of xylose using a microbial fuel cell
PublicationIt is generally known, that many kind of microorganisms are capable of using carbohydrates as a source of carbon and energy in an environment. The biodegradation process of monosaccharides from pentoses (in this case- racemic mixture of D - and L – xylose) is an immense opportunity for an entire reduction of biological contamination to neutral compounds through MFC. The process is occurred in a single-chamber MFC, which is contained...
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Direct-contact condensation from vapour- gas mixture in a spray ejector condenser for negative CO2 power plant
PublicationDirect-contact condensation of vapour containing the inert gas on a spray of subcooled liquid exists in a number of technical applications. For example, it may be found in the nuclear industry (e.g. pressurized jet under normal operating conditions, in safety analyses) or in the chemical industry (e.g. mixing-type heat exchanger, degasser, sea water desalting). The problem is also essential to modelling and analysis of some...
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Cyclic behavior of FeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloy coatings produced through cold spray
PublicationeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloy powders were employed to produce coatings on carbon steel through high pressure cold spray (at 1100 °C and 7 MPa in temperature and pressure respectively). X-ray diffraction of the sprayed material revealed a dense coating with the retention of the original crystallographic structure. Once splatted, particles revealed high flattening ratio with consequent excellent adhesion of the coating to the substrate....
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A unified approach to the analysis of electric energy and fuel consumption of cars in city traffic
PublicationForecasting fuel and electricity consumption is an important factor determining the direction of changes in road engineering solutions, traffic management, selection of routes for public transport and development more efficient car drive systems. With a reliable and easy-to-use computational tool, it is possible to reduce the consumption of primary energy sources and reduce the emission of toxic compounds in cities. An analysis...
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Pressure and temperature effect on hypergolic ignition delay of triglyme-based fuel with hydrogen peroxide
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Dimethyl ether (DME) as potential environmental friendly fuel
PublicationIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in replacing petroleum fuels with so-called second generation environmental friendly fuels. Compared to traditional petroleum fuels dimethyl ether (DME) could be used as a clean high-efficiency compression ignition fuel with reduced particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) as well as combustion noise. Compared to some of the other leading...
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Corrosion Study of Ceria Protective Layer Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis on Steel Interconnects
PublicationSingle fuel cells and electrolysis cells are assembled into stacks using interconnects in order to increase power and gas production capacity. The most common choice for the interconnect material is stainless steel. It has good electrical and mechanical properties and is also cost effective. One of the problems when using steel is the formation of a thermally grown oxide scale during use which has a lower electrical conductivity...
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Sea spray as a secondary source of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants? - Conclusions from a comparison of seven fresh snowfall events in 2019 and 2021
PublicationSecondary sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) gain in importance worldwide as primary sources decline. In this work, we aim to determine whether sea spray may be a secondary source of chlorinated POPs to the terrestrial Arctic, since a similar mechanism was proposed there only for the more water-soluble POPs. To this end, we have determined polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in fresh...
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USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR PREDICTING SHIP FUEL CONSUMPTION
PublicationIn marine vessel operations, fuel costs are major operating costs which affect the overall profitability of the maritime transport industry. The effective enhancement of using ship fuel will increase ship operation efficiency. Since ship fuel consumption depends on different factors, such as weather, cruising condition, cargo load, and engine condition, it is difficult to assess the fuel consumption pattern for various types...
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A model of occurrence of the situations endangering inland waterways passanger ships and the environment
PublicationZaproponowano czterostanowy semimarkowski model pojawiania się sytuacji zagrażających pasażerskim statkom śródlądowym. Model ten został opracowany w formie semimarkowskiego procesu dyskretnego w stanach i ciągłego w czasie, którego wartościami są rodzaje stanów, interpretowanych jako sytuacje: normalna, skomplikowana, niebezpieczna oraz awaryjna. Zobrazowano przykładową realizację procesu zmian sytuacji, jakie mogą pojawić się...
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QoS-sensitive selfish behavior in ad hoc wireless lans: a stochastic game model
PublicationRozważany jest prosty model stacji sieci bezprzewodowej wprowadzają-cych ruch elastyczny przy wymaganiu minimalnej przepływności. Każda stacja, okresowo przełączając się na egoistyczną konfigurację MAC, próbuje wyeliminować inne stacje z ubiegania się o pasmo sieci. Dla powstającej w ten sposób gry zastosowano model gry markowowskiej i pokazano istnienie symetrycznego punktu równowagi strategicznej.
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A model of risk for assessment of ships in damaged conditions
PublicationW pracy omówiono problemy związane z modelowaniem zagrożeń, konsekwencji i ryzyka, w metodzie oceny bezpieczeństwa statków w stanie uszkodzonym. W celu dokonania oceny bezpieczeństwa statku, w metodzie zastosowano podejścia oparte na ocenie zachowania się statku i ocenie ryzyka. Podejście oparte na ocenie zachowania się statku związane jest z oceną charakterystyk hydromechanicznych statku w stanie uszkodzonych w warunkach zbliżonych...
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Lattice type fracture model for brittle materials
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń propagacji rys w elementach betonowych przy zastosowaniu modelu dyskretnego opartego na ruszcie belkowym. Obliczenia wykonano dla różnych problemów brzegowych. W modelu przyjęto inne właściwości dla kruszywa, zaczynu cementowego oraz strefy kontaktu.
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2D lattice model for fracture in brittle materials
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń propagacji rys w elementach betonowych przy zastosowaniu modelu dyskretnego opartego na ruszcie belkowym. Obliczenia wykonano dla różnych problemów brzegowych.
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High quality speech codec employing sines+noise+transients model
PublicationA method of high quality wideband speech signal representation employing sines+transients+noise model is presented. The need for a wideband speech coding approach as well as various methods for analysis and synthesis of sines, residual and transient states of speech signal is discussed. The perceptual criterion is applied in the proposed approach during encoding of sines amplitudes in order to reduce bandwidth requirements and...
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Improved model of void fraction distribution in two-phase flow in the boundary layer
PublicationPraca skupiona jest na eksperymentalnej weryfikacji sił działających na pęcherzyk gazowy przepływający wzdłuż ścianki kanału, a następnie implementacji uzyskanych wyników do zaproponowanego wczesniej przez jednego z współautorów modelu rozkładu stopnia zapełnienia w warstwie przyściennej przepływu dwufazowego. Podczas badań pęcherzyk modelowany był sztywną kulą podwieszoną na strunie. Autorzy przekonują, że pokazany model dobrze...
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Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells as novel electrochemical devices
PublicationProton ceramic conductors are novel materials which are interesting from the application point of view. For example, Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells (PCFCs) is a type of a solid oxide fuel cell, which uses proton ceramic conductors as an electrolyte. Scientists are looking for the most efficient materials for these devices. In recent years main focus has been put on the search for new proton and mixed proton-electron conductors which...
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Reliability estimation of underground horizontal fuel tank limit states
PublicationFuel tanks are designed with regard to standard loads and operating conditions. The investigations of the paper show the impact of such factors as tank corrosion and other means on the variation of stress fields and deformation of the underground horizontal tank shell. The introduction of probabilistic methods allows for structural reliability assessment. While the computational time of the entire tank FEM model is high, the preliminary...
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Model of speed-varing rotor for mechatronic systems analysis and design
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono sposób modelowania złożonych układów mechatronicznych w oparciu o metodę grafów wiązań. Celem zilustrowania metody posłużono się przykładem liczbowym, w którym rozważano wirnik obracający się ze zmienną prędkością kątową. Prezentowana metodyka doskonale nadaje się do modelowania układów o zróżnicowanej naturze fizycznej. Otrzymany model ma charakter obiektu o pewnej liczbie wejść i wyjść, który można w...
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Ceramic composites for single-layer fuel cells
PublicationComposite materials consisting of acceptor doped lanthanum orthoniobate electrolyte phase (La0.98Ca0.02NbO4) and Li2O:NiO:ZnO semiconducting phase were synthesized. The precursor powder of La0.98Ca0.02NbO4 was prepared in nanocrystalline (mechanosynthesis) and microcrystalline (solid-state synthesis) form. The composite can be applied in a single-layer fuel cell, because of the presence of two phases acting as an anode and a cathode...
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Stochastic model of the process of starting combustion engines and practical application of the process
PublicationW atrykule zaproponowano model procesu rozruchu silników o zapłonie samoczynnym w formie procesu semimarkowskiego dyskretnego w stanach i ciągłego w czasie. Zaproponowano również koncepcję zastosowania opracowanego modelu do określenia ilości substancji szkodliwych, jakie są emitowane wraz z spalinami do otoczenia podczas rozruchu każdego silnika. W rozważaniach tych przyjęto, że statystyka zmiennej losowej, rozumianej jako masa...
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Dynamic characteristics of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell module
PublicationThe paper describes a fuel cell based system and its performance. The system is based on two fuel cell units, DC/DC converter, DC/AC inverter, microprocessor control unit, load unit, bottled hydrogen supply system and a set of measurement instruments. In the study presented in the paper a dynamic response of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell system to unit step change load as well as to periodical load changing cycles...
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Applying artificial neural networks for modelling ship speed and fuel consumption
PublicationThis paper deals with modelling ship speed and fuel consumption using artificial neural network (ANN) techniques. These tools allowed us to develop ANN models that can be used for predicting both the fuel consumption and the travel time to the destination for commanded outputs (the ship driveline shaft speed and the propeller pitch) selected by the ship operator. In these cases, due to variable environmental conditions, making...
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Stochastic model of the process of starting piston combustion engines and the practical use of the process
PublicationW artykule zaproponowano model procesu rozruchu silników o zapłonie samoczynnym, w formie procesu semimarkowskiego, dyskretnego w stanach i ciągłego w czasie eksploatacji. Stanami tego procesu są: stan zimny silnika (s1), stan ciepły silnika (s2) i stan gorący silnika (s3). Zaproponowano również koncepcję zastosowania opracowanego modelu do określenia ilości substancji szkodliwych, jakie emitowane są w spalinach podczas rozruchu...
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Dynamic impedance measurements of the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell cathode at various operating temperatures
PublicationThis article discusses the application of impedance analysis for diagnosing the cathode of a direct methanol fuel cell at various operating temperatures. The Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy technique coupled with a linear current scan was applied for this purpose. This technique allowed the observation of changes in the cathode's properties in the fuel cell operating under real working conditions. An equivalent model...
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ECU calibration for gaseous dual fuel supply system in compression ignition engines
PublicationThe dual fuel (DF) combustion mode is proven solution that allows to improve or get at the same level engine performance and reduce toxic compounds in exhaust gases which is confirmed by researchers and end-users. DF combustion mode uses two fuels gaseous fuel as a primary energy source and a pilot quantity of diesel fuel as ignition source. However, in order, to fully take advantage of the potential of the dual fuel mode, DF system...
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Stochastic model of the load spectrum for main engines of sea-going ships
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono możliwość zastosowania procesów semimarkowskich do probabilistycznego opisu widma obciążeń silników o zapłonie samoczynnym, zastosowanych do napędu statków - czyli silników głównych. W rozważaniach uwzględnione zostały charakterystyki zewnętrzne mocy tego rodzaju silników. Umożliwiły one sformułowanie czteroelementowego zbioru stanów procesu obciążeń tego rodzaju silników. Do opisu rzeczywistego procesu...
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Viscoelastic model of waterhammer in single pipeline - problems and questions
PublicationW artykule dokonano analizy zastosowania lepkosprężystego modelu uderzenia hydraulicznego w pojedynczym przewodzie. Przedstawiono teoretyczne podstawy lepkosprężystego zachowania się materiału przewodu oraz matematyczny opis modelu uderzenia hydraulicznego w rurociągu z tworzywa sztucznego. Przedyskutowano główne problemy pojawiające się przy aplikacji takiego modelu. Nacisk położono na identyfikację parametrów modelu. Przeanalizowano...
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Ni infiltrated perovskite anode
PublicationNiobium-doped strontium titanate was used as the anode for a solid oxide fuel cell. Electrolyte-supported cells were prepared with pure perovskite and composite perovskite–yttria–stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) anodes. Fuel cell tests demonstrated significant improvement in power density after infiltration with a small amount of Ni. The obtained values of power densities are comparable with conventional Ni/YSZ cermet anode. In addition,...
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Oxide Layers Fabricated by Spray Pyrolysis on Metallic Surfaces
Publicationw pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad opracowaniem optymalnych warunków przygotowania warstwy stabilizowanego itrem cyrkonu jako prekursora na stali 316L jako podłoża za pomocą pirolizy aerozolowej.
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Analysis of muscles behaviour. Part II. The computational model of muscles group acting on the elbow joint
PublicationThe purpose of this paper is to present the computational model of muscles' group describing the movements of flexion/extension at the elbow joint in the sagittal plane of the body when the forearm is being kept in the fixed state of supination/pronation. The method ofevaluating the muscle forces is discussed in detail. This method is the basis for the quantitative and qualitative verification of the proposed computational model...