Filters
total: 2489
filtered: 912
-
Catalog
Chosen catalog filters
Search results for: Mixed Economy Of Welfare
-
Greencoin – educational information system for ecoinclusion and empowering urban adaptability.
PublicationThe SARS-CoV19 pandemic exposed a broad spectrum of challenges for modern cities, societies and the environment at large. The post-Covid transformation requires new social, ecological and educational solutions, adjusted to modern challenges, but also equipped with technological advances that allow for digital inclusion and sustainable urban development to benefit the local economy and society. Many information systems designed...
-
Pharmaceuticals and another groups of emerging contaminants: Occurrence and sources in Admiralty Bay (King George Island, Maritime Antarctica)
PublicationEveryday live activities may introduce a wide range of chemicals into wastewater systems. In this study presence of selected types of pharmaceuticals from cardiovascular system group, nervous and muscolo-skeleton system group, antimicrobial agents, genitourinary and sex hormones were tested in the wastewater from H. Arctowski Antarctic station. Moreover, the receiver of discharged wastewater (Admiralty Bay) were also studied. Considering...
-
Socioemotional Wealth (SEW) of Family Firms and CEO Behavioral Biases in the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
PublicationAgreed upon by the UN member states, Agenda 2030 assumes joint action for long- term sustainable development. These actions are focused on the implementation of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), where actions are assumed to lead to the suppression of negative externalities of human activity. It is stressed that the objectives of sustainable development can only be achieved through deep institutional changes in most dimensions...
-
Long-term operating conditions for different sorption materials to capture phosphate from domestic wastewater
PublicationThis paper presents the results of a study on the possibility of applying various configured filters filled with a mixture of Rockfos® and Leca® material for the effective capture of phosphate from domestic wastewater. The tests were carried out for two years at two wastewater flow rates (20 and 40 L/day) in three pairs of filtration columns with a volume of filter material equal to 20 liters each. Columns 1A and 1B were filled...
-
Minimizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Ships Using a Pareto Multi-Objective Optimization Approach
PublicationTo confront climate change, decarbonization strategies must change the global economy. According to statements made as part of the European Green Deal, maritime transport should also become drastically less polluting. As a result, the price of transport must reflect the impact it has on the environment and on health. In such a framework, the purpose of this paper is to suggest a novel method for minimizing emissions...
-
Processing of Biomass Prior to Hydrogen Fermentation and Post-Fermentative Broth Management
PublicationUsing bioconversion and simultaneous value-added product generation requires purifica- tion of the gaseous and the liquid streams before, during, and after the bioconversion process. The effect of diversified process parameters on the efficiency of biohydrogen generation via biological pro- cesses is a broad object of research. Biomass-based raw materials are often applied in investigations regarding biohydrogen generation using...
-
Waste tire rubber devulcanization technologies: State-of-the-art, limitations and future perspectives
PublicationWaste tires management is a serious and global environmental problem. Therefore, searching for low-cost and industrial-scale applicable tire recycling methods is gaining more and more attention. Waste tire rubber is valuable source of secondary raw materials for the circular economy and current trends indicate that application of waste rubbers during manufacturing value-added products should increase in near future. Sustainable...
-
Big Beautiful Buildings: Eine Schönheit, viele Maßstäbe - urbane Landschaften der Nachkriegsmoderne in Europa / Big Beautiful Buildings: one beauty, many scales - urban landscapes of the post-war modernism across Europe
PublicationMassive urbanization in Europe is not a phenomenon that began only in the 20th century. The roots of this process can be traced back two centuries. With the end of the Second World War the specific conjunction of powerful forces together changed the landscape of European cities. Urbanization was undoubtedly one of them. Among other factors, Musterd and van Kempen (2005) correctly itemized not only objective processes that can be...
-
Supramolecular deep eutectic solvents and their applications
PublicationIn recent years, the growing awareness of the harmfulness of chemicals to the environment has resulted in the development of green and sustainable technologies. The compromise between economy and environmental requirements is based on the development of new efficient and green solutions. Supramolecular deep eutectic solvents (SUPRADESs), a new deep eutectic solvent (DES) subclass characterized by inclusion properties, are a fresh...
-
Zależność pomiędzy wielkością przedsiębiorstwa a strukturą źródeł finansowania
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono różnice w sposobie kształtowania struktury źródeł finansowania pomiędzy małymi, średnimi i dużymi przedsiębiorstwami. W trakcie przeprowadzonych badań uwzględniono 97 471 sprawozdań finansowych przedsiębiorstw, prowadzących działalność gospodarczą w 12 różnych działach polskiej gospodarki narodowej. Do potwierdzenia zróżnicowania struktury kapitałowej w zależności od wielkości przedsiębiorstwa wykorzystano...
-
Kształtowanie wartości wskaźników wspomagania finansowego przez przedsiębiorstwa z sektora MSP w zależności od osiąganej rentowności aktywów
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono różnice w sposobie kształtowania wartości wskaźników z obszaru wspomagania finansowego pomiędzy przedsiębiorstwami z sektora MSP w zależności od osiąganego przez nie poziomu rentowności aktywów. W trakcie przeprowadzonych badań uwzględniono 109 174 sprawozdania finansowe przedsiębiorstw, prowadzących działalność gospodarczą w 27 różnych działach gospodarki narodowej. Do potwierdzenia zróżnicowania wspomagania...
-
Solvent Screening for Solubility Enhancement of Theophylline in Neat, Binary and Ternary NADES Solvents: New Measurements and Ensemble Machine Learning
PublicationTheophylline, a typical representative of active pharmaceutical ingredients, was selected to study the characteristics of experimental and theoretical solubility measured at 25 °C in a broad range of solvents, including neat, binary mixtures and ternary natural deep eutectics (NADES) prepared with choline chloride, polyols and water. There was a strong synergistic effect of organic solvents mixed with water, and among the experimentally...
-
A novel hybrid adaptive framework for support vector machine-based reliability analysis: A comparative study
PublicationThis study presents an innovative hybrid Adaptive Support Vector Machine - Monte Carlo Simulation (ASVM-MCS) framework for reliability analysis in complex engineering structures. These structures often involve highly nonlinear implicit functions, making traditional gradient-based first or second order reliability algorithms and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) time-consuming. The application of surrogate models has proven effective...
-
Electrochemically Obtained TiO2/CuxOy Nanotube Arrays Presenting a Photocatalytic Response in Processes of Pollutants Degradation and Bacteria Inactivation in Aqueous Phase
PublicationTiO2/CuxOy nanotube (NT) arrays were synthesized using the anodization method in the presence of ethylene glycol and different parameters applied. The presence, morphology, and chemical character of the obtained structures was characterized using a variety of methods—SEM (scanning electron microscopy), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray crystallography), PL (photoluminescence), and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy)....
-
Alternative methods for dark fermentation course analysis
PublicationDark fermentation course analysis is crucial, as complexed matrix of gaseous components may be formed and revealed during the process. The paper considers key issues related to the microbiological process in which complex organic substances are transformed into hydrogen. For the purposes of hydrogen generation, the application of wastewater mixed sludge pre-treated according to Faloye method (Faloye et al. in Int J Hydrog Energy...
-
Force transfer and stress distribution in short cantilever deep beams loaded throughout the depth with a various reinforcement
PublicationDeep beams used as the main reinforced concrete structural elements which taking over the load and stiffening construction are often found in high-rise buildings. The architecture of these buildings is sometimes sophisticated and varied, arouse the admiration of the majority of recipients, and thus causing an engineering challenge to correctly design the structural system and force transfer. In such structures is important to shape...
-
Numerical model for thin liquid film with evaporation and condensation on solid surfaces in systems with conjugated heat transfer
PublicationCondensation and evaporation processes from wetted surfaces are of utmost importance in many technological or industrial applications. In many devices such as home-appliances and air conditioning systems just to name a few, condensation and evaporation processes greatly impact their performance and energy efficiency; The physics of these processes is quite complex, involving conjugate heat transfer among solid–liquid film-gaseous...
-
NEW EXPERIENCES IN DIKE CONSTRUCTION WITH SOIL-ASH COMPOSITESAND FINE-GRAINED DREDGED MATERIALS
PublicationThe supporting structure inside a coastal dike is often made of dredged non-uniform sand with good compaction proper-ties. Due to the shortage of natural construction material for both coastal and river dikes and the surplus of different processed mate-rials, new experiments were made with sand-ash mixtures and fine-grained dredged materials to replace both dike core and dikecover materials resulting in economical, environmentally...
-
The dispersive micro-solid phase extraction method for MS-based lipidomics of human breast milk*
PublicationA simple and rapid microextraction method ensuring high lipidome coverage was developed for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based lipidomics of human breast milk. The dispersive microsolid phase extraction (D-µ-SPE) technique, coupled with the design of experiment (DoE) method, enabled the study of the influence of several conditions (desorption solvent, stationary phase ratio, and sorption and desorption time)...
-
Combining X-ray tomogrpahy imaging and DEM simulations to investigate granular material flow during silo discharging
PublicationEven after few decades of research, the study of particle motion taking place during silo discharging hasn’t been fully addressed, both experimentally and numerically, because of nontrivial behaviors that occur during associated flow patterns. For instance, discrete element method (DEM) has shown good qualitative prediction potential of velocity profile, but, on the other hand, frequently failed to match quantitatively experimental...
-
Multiprocessor Implementation of Parallel Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm for Optimized Allocation of Chlorination Stations in Drinking Water Distribution System a New Water Quality Model Approach
PublicationThe Critical Infrastructure Systems (CISs) have received in recent years a considerable attention due to their heavy impact on sustainable development of modern societies. Most CISs may be classied as large scale complex systems of network structure, in uenced by strong interactions form the surrounding environment, internal and external interconnections. The later is a result of inter-CIS dependencies. The control, monitoring...
-
Dynamics of algae growth and nutrients in experimental enclosures culturing bighead carp and common carp: Phosphorus dynamics
PublicationThis is the third paper of the series about “Dynamics of algae growth and nutrients in experimental enclosures culturing bighead carp and common carp”. In this paper, phosphorus dynamics were investigated under the condition of culturing bighead carp and common carp with added fish food (nitrogen dynamics is discussed in the second paper because their behaviors are so different from each other). Nearly fifty days’ observation results...
-
Interspecies distances between propionic acid degraders and methanogens in syntrophic consortia for optimal hydrogen transfer
PublicationA mixed culture from an anaerobic biowaste digester was enriched on propionate and used to investigate interspecies hydrogen transfer in dependence of spatial distances between propionate degraders and methanogens. From 20.3 mM propionate, 20.8 mM acetate and 15.5 mM methane were formed. Maximum specific propionate oxidation and methane formation rates were 49 and 23 mmol mg−1day−1, respectively. Propionate oxidation was inhibited by...
-
The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies of the anode material based on polymer and starch derived ceramic for lithium ion batteries
PublicationThe anode materials derived of preceramic polymer poly(1,2-dimethylsilazane) (PSN) and starch was study. Commercially available polysilazane (poly(1,2-dimethylsilazane (PSN 2M01 Gelest) was mixed with commercially available starch (POCH Gliwice). The ratio polymer/starch (PSN/starch) was 1/1 or 3/7. The polysialazane/starch blend was cross-linked at 230 ºC for 2 h followed by heating to the final temperature (500 ºC, 700 ºC and...
-
Development of thin film SPME sorbents based on deep eutectic solvents and their application for isolation and preconcentration of endocrine-disrupting compounds leaching from diapers to urine
PublicationIn this study, the thin film solid phase microextraction (TF-SPME) based on a novel sorbent composed of deep eutectic solvent (DES) is proposed. Among several synthesized sorbents the most efficient was DES containing trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride and docosanol mixed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in a molar ratio 1:3:0.25 to achieve a more stable structure. The proposed sorbent was applied on a fiberglass mesh and...
-
Sources of contamination in sediments of retention tanks and the influence of precipitation type on the size of pollution load
PublicationDensification of cities and urban population contributes to increased runoff and suspended solids and alteration of the urban water cycle. Nowadays, Blue-Green Infrastructure is promoted to increase a city’s resilience to floods; however, stormwater drainage systems, supported with retention tanks are still important in protecting urban areas against floods. Sediment accumulation in stormwater infrastructure relates to an issue...
-
Reactions of cobalt(ii) chloride and cobalt(ii) acetate with hemisalen-type ligands: ligand transformation, oxidation of cobalt and complex formation. Preliminary study on the cytotoxicity of Co(ii) and Co(iii) hemisalen complexes
PublicationSeveral molecular cobalt(II) complexes, one Co(II) coordination polymer, and one ionic cobalt(III) complex with imine hemisalen ligands were synthesized. The hemisalen ligands were synthesized from o-vanillin (oVP) and diverse aminopyridines (compounds HL1–HL4) or aminophenol (compound HL5). It was observed that cobalt(II) chloride in dry acetonitrile catalyzes a transformation of HL1 and HL3 instead of complex formation. The conversion...
-
Synthesis of Cyano-Benzylidene Xanthene Synthons Using a Diprotic Brønsted Acid Catalyst, and Their Application as Efficient Inhibitors of Aluminum Corrosion in Alkaline Solutions
PublicationNovel cyano-benzylidene xanthene derivatives were synthesized using one-pot and condensation reactions. A diprotic Brønsted acid (i.e., oxalic acid) was used as an effective catalyst for the promotion of the synthesis process of the new starting xanthene–aldehyde compound. Different xanthene concentrations (ca. 0.1–2.0 mM) were applied as corrosion inhibitors to control the alkaline uniform corrosion of aluminum. Measurements were...
-
Properties of Oxygen Vacancy and Hydrogen Interstitial Defects in Strontium Titanate: DFT + Ud,p Calculations
PublicationThis work presents extensive theoretical studies focused on the mixed ion-electron transport in cubic strontium titanate (STO). A new approach to the description of this difficult system was developed within the framework of linear-scaling Kohn–Sham density functional theory, as realized in the ONETEP program. The description we present is free of any empirical parameters and relies on the Hubbard U and Hund’s J corrections applied...
-
Informal Settlements and International Migrants: The city of Rome (Italy) as Case Study
PublicationToday, urbanization is happening at an unprecedentedly rapid rate, owing heavily to the influx of migrants. Empirical evidence shows the development of informal settlements in cities as a result of migration, including Rome. Furthermore, information on informal settlements is either insufficient or inadequate, which makes it challenging for architects, urban planners, and policymakers to form viable solutions to deal with the situations...
-
Electron attachment to representative cations composing ionic liquids
PublicationUsing ab initio electronic structure methods with flexible atomic orbital basis sets, we investigated the electronic structure and stability of reduction products of selected representative cations (C+) constituting ionic liquids. We found that an electron attachment to such cations leads to the neutral radicals, whereas a subsequent attachment of another (i.e., excess) electron leads to adiabatically stable anions only in two...
-
Evaluation of Lombard Speech Models in the Context of Speech in Noise Enhancement
PublicationThe Lombard effect is one of the most well-known effects of noise on speech production. Speech with the Lombard effect is more easily recognizable in noisy environments than normal natural speech. Our previous investigations showed that speech synthesis models might retain Lombard-effect characteristics. In this study, we investigate several speech models, such as harmonic, source-filter, and sinusoidal, applied to Lombard speech...
-
Diatomaceous earth as a drug-loaded carrier in a glass-ionomer cement
PublicationThe effect of a natural filler (diatomaceous earth [DE], a promising drug-delivery agent) and its content was investigated on the performance of a model glass-ionomer cement (GIC). Three sample series, differing in DE content (0, 2.5 and 5 wt%), were prepared using a commercial GIC as a matrix (3M Ketac Molar Easymix). The resultant surface microhardness and roughness, wear performance, and compressive strength of the samples were...
-
Innowacyjność instytucji finansowych w Polsce – perspektywy rozwoju
PublicationUsługi finansowe będące coraz ważniejszą częścią gospodarki w krajach rozwiniętych, w dużym stopniu absorbują innowacje, stając się jednocześnie ważnymi podmiotami tworzącymi innowacje w obszarze zmian marketingowych i organizacyjnych. W artykule przedstawiono istotę innowacji w usługach finansowych. Przedstawiono podstawowe kategorie innowacji stosowanych w usługach finansowych. Na podstawie danych statystycznych dokonano analizy...
-
Nauka – edukacja – przemysł : synergiczna współpraca dla innowacyjności
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia dotycz ą ce relacji na styku nauka-edukacja- przemys ł w aspekcie efektywnej wspó ł pracy dla uzyskania odpowiedniego poziomu synergii w rozwi ą zywaniu problemów energetyki, w szczególno ś ci samowystarczalno ś ci energetycznej i konieczno ś ci wdra ż ania innowacyjnych rozwi ą za ń w tym obszarze. Odniesiono si ę do metod oceny prowadzenia bada ń naukowych w uczelniach...
-
Krajobraz wiejski i turystyka. Poszukiwanie równowagi pomiędzy widzeniem i wizerunkiem wsi
PublicationNajważniejszym składnikiem marki wsi jest krajobraz. Wizerunek wsi kreowany w turystyce i dostępny widok różnią się jednak coraz bardziej: przekaz reklamowy identyfikuje wieś z przyrodą oraz ciszą i spokojem; wieś realna stanowi, najczęściej dysharmonijną, mozaikę wiejsko-miejskiego zagospodarowania. Konfrontacja dostarczonego przez turystykę komunikatu z oglądanym krajobrazem podważa wiarygodność marki wsi, co stanowi zagrożenie...
-
Otoczenie mikroprzedsiębiorstw w opiniach ich właścicieli
PublicationRola postrzegania przez właściciela otoczenia własnej firmy, jak i sytuacji w samej firmie jest istotna w kontekście planowania przyszłości firmy. Otoczenie firmy odgrywa istotną rolę w procesie jej rozwoju. Jednak właściciele mikro i małych przedsiębiorstw nie są wystarczająco kompetentni by prawidłowo ocenić sytuację ekonomiczną. Dlatego też ich ocena dotycząca otoczenia jest w dużym stopniu subiektywna. Na przełomie 2012/2013...
-
Konkurencyjność w handlu usługami wybranych krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
PublicationCelem artykułu jest ocena pozycji konkurencyjnej w handlu usługami wybranych krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej – Czech, Estonii, Litwy, Łotwy, Polski, Słowacji oraz Węgier na tle gospodarki światowej. Dane wykorzystane do analizy pochodzą z bazy danych WIOD i obejmują lata 1995 – 2011. Podstawą oceny pozycji konkurencyjnej jest wskaźnik RCA obliczony na podstawie krajowej wartości dodanej oraz na podstawie eksportu brutto. Źródłem...
-
Kształtowanie wartości wskaźników płynności finansowej przez przedsiębiorstwa z sektora MSP w zależności od osiąganej rentowności aktywów
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono różnice w sposobie kształtowania wartości wskaźników z obszaru płynności finansowej pomiędzy przedsiębiorstwami z sektora MSP w zależności od osiąganego przez nie poziomu rentowności aktywów. W trakcie przeprowadzonych badań uwzględniono 109 174 sprawozdania finansowe przedsiębiorstw, prowadzących działalność gospodarczą w 27 różnych działach gospodarki narodowej. Do potwierdzenia zróżnicowania płynności...
-
INWESTYCJE A ZATRUDNIENIE W POLSCE W PERSPEKTYWIE FINANSOWE 2007-2013
PublicationNakłady inwestycyjne przedsiębiorstw traktowane są jako jeden z głównych czynników wzrostu gospodarczego. Ich wielkość i dynamika mogą mieć wpływ na zmiany w poziomie zatrudnienia. Światowy kryzys finansowy przyczynił się do spowolnienia dynamiki wzrostu oraz gwałtownego spadku w 2009 roku PKB w większości gospodarek świata. We wspomnianym okresie w Polsce zaobserwowano spowolnienie gospodarcze, które miało wpływ na decyzje...
-
Od zrównoważonego rozwoju do dewzrostu - paradygmaty krytyczne wobec wzrostu i ich implikacje dla planowania przestrzennego
PublicationPomimo ponad trzech dekad wdrażania koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju środowisko Ziemi ulega dalszej degradacji i destabilizacji. Sytuacja ta przekłada się na ożywienie antycypowanej już w latach 70. XX w. krytyki założeń leżących u podstaw koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju – spośród których kluczowe wydaje się założenie możliwości rozłączenia (decoupling) wzrostu gospodarczego i negatywnego oddziaływania na środowisko. W niniejszym...
-
Programmes to Combat the Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kazakhstan and Ukraine and Unemployment
PublicationThe following article presents economic programmes to combat the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysed programmes were undertaken by the governments of Ukraine and Kazakhstan. They contributed to reducing unemployment in both countries. The findings of Ukrainian researchers focused mainly on estimating losses in the SME sector, especially in the hotel, tourism and transport sectors. Scientific literature in Kazakhstan...
-
Personal branding of artists and art-designers: necessity or desire?
PublicationPurpose Personal branding becomes a new in-demand skill for all professionals today. To be well-known helps to achieve success in the networked business environment. Personal relationships and a good reputation in the reality of network economy help young artists and art designers move up the career ladder. This paper aims to discuss a problem of artists who often find it difficult to define their artistic and self-distinction...
-
Economic situation perception and the growth plans of microenterprises, case of Poland
PublicationNumerous scientific studies provide information on the impact of the environment on the launch, operation and growth of businesses. Reflections on the environment can result from two perspectives: the objective and the subjective one. The first relates to the economic analysis and/or sociological research, whereas the second relies on the perception of the environment by the interested parties themselves. While analysing companies...
-
Edible black ant Smith (Carebara vidua) as human food – A systematic review
PublicationMeeting food security is one of the major global challenges to ensure sufficient supply of food for current and future generations, considering increasing population growth and climate change issues. Consequently, the consumption of edible insects as an alternative food source has recently gained global attention for combating global food insecurity. The present review aims to provide information on the recent progress in consumption...
-
Statistical Data Pre-Processing and Time Series Incorporation for High-Efficacy Calibration of Low-Cost NO2 Sensor Using Machine Learning
PublicationAir pollution stands as a significant modern-day challenge impacting life quality, the environment, and the economy. It comprises various pollutants like gases, particulate matter, biological molecules, and more, stemming from sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial operations, agriculture, and natural events. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), among these harmful gases, is notably prevalent in densely populated urban regions. Given...
-
ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY OF AN ENTERPRISE ON THE BASIS OF BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS
PublicationThe article substantiates that the level of company’s financial security depends not so much on the indicators of its activity, but on its perception of decision-makers and other stakeholders. At the same time, this perception is formed due to the continuous participation of the stakeholder in operations, constant monitoring of financial indicators, the study of current approaches to enterprise management, changes in the environment,...
-
The Employment of Ukrainians as an Opportunity to Fill the Labour Market in Poland – Selected Issues
PublicationThe labour market in Poland has undergone signifi cant transformations over the past two decades. The observed changes have been infl uenced by various factors related to, among other things, the possibility of free movement of the population resulting from membership of EU structures, demographic changes, technological changes, and the automation and robotisation of production processes. Demographic change is becoming a signifi...
-
Can bottom sediments be a prospective fertilizing material? A chemical composition analysis for potential reuse in agriculture.
PublicationEvery year huge amounts of bottom sediments are extracted worldwide, which need to be dis-posed. The recycling of bottom sediments for soil fertilization is in line with the long-promoted circular economy policy and enables the use of micro and macronutrients accumulated in sedi-ments for soil fertilization. When considering potential agricultural reuse of the dredge sediments, the first necessary step should be to analyze whether...
-
Integrating conventional nitrogen removal with anammox in wastewater treatment systems: Microbial metabolism, sustainability and challenges
PublicationThe various forms of nitrogen (N), including ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−), and nitrate (NO3−), present in wastewaters can create critical biotic stress and can lead to hazardous phenomena that cause imbalances in biological diversity. Thus, biological nitrogen removal (BNR) from wastewaters is considered to be imperatively urgent. Therefore, anammox-based systems, i.e. partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (PN/anammox)...