Search results for: infrastructural urbanism - Bridge of Knowledge

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Search results for: infrastructural urbanism

Search results for: infrastructural urbanism

  • Personalized nutrition in ageing society: redox control of major-age related diseases through the NutRedOx Network (COST Action CA16112)

    Publication
    • J. Tur
    • J. Claus
    • P. Chaimbault
    • M. Tadayyon
    • E. Richling
    • N. Hermans
    • C. Nunes dos Santos
    • M. Diederich
    • L. Giblin
    • M. Elhabiri... and 6 others

    - FREE RADICAL RESEARCH - Year 2019

    A healthy ageing process is important when it is considered that one-third of the population of Europe is already over 50 years old, although there are regional variations. This proportion is likely to increase in the future, and maintenance of vitality at an older age is not only an important measure of the quality of life but also key to participation and productivity. So, the binomial “nutrition and ageing” has different aspects...

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  • Mechanizmy bezpieczeństwa transmisji w systemie netBaltic

    artykule zaprezentowano założenia dotyczące zabezpieczania węzłów sieci realizowanej w ramach systemu netBaltic. Ze względu na dużą różnorodność rozważanych mechanizmów komunikacyjnych architektura bezpieczeństwa została podzielona na kilka elementów – infrastrukturę klucza publicznego (PKI), bezpieczeństwo systemowe węzłów, zabezpieczanie komunikacji w modelu samoorganizującej wieloskokowej sieci kratowej, a także sieci niewrażliwej...

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  • Symulacja skrócenia procesu kompletacji z wykorzystaniem karty przebiegu czynności na przykładzie wybranego marketu DIY

    W artykule przeanalizowano zagadnienia dotyczące gospodarki magazynowej, wykorzystania infrastruktur magazynowej i manipulacyjnej oraz zagospodarowania przestrzeni magazynowej w zakresie realizowanych procesów w magazynie wybranego marketu budowlanego DIY (ang. Do-It-Yourself). Z wykorzystaniem takich narzędzi, jak mapa procesu oraz karta przebiegu czynności przeprowadzono analizę procesu kompletacji towarów dla wybranego zamówienia...

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  • Theory of Urban Design

    e-Learning Courses
    • M. Delso Páez
    • J. Breś
    • K. Krośnicka

    The aim of the course is to understand the complexity of the process of functioning and development of cities, including: -city hierarchical spatial  models (morphology) and functional structure on models (the hierarchy of services and public spaces) -networks and systems that make up the city (environmental system, technical and social infrastructure) -role and importance of the district/neighbourhood in the structure of the...

  • Agricultural products' storage control system

    Publication

    The paper discusses the idea and the design of a remote control system for storage management of agricultural products which temperature may rise as the result of biological processes during the storage. An actual potatoes storehouse is discussed as an application for the proposed automation system. Because of existing buildings and infrastructure at the farm, wireless data transfer system has been proposed for communication between...

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  • Testbed analysis of video and VoIP transsmission performance in IEEE 802.11 b/g/n networks

    The aim of the work is to analyze capabilities and limitations of different implementations of IEEE 802.11 technologies (IEEE 802.11 b/g/n), utilized for both video streaming and VoIP calls directed to mobile devices. Our preliminary research showed that results obtained with currently popular simulation tools can be drastically different than these possible in real-world environment, so, in order to correctly evaluate performance...

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  • Modeling of traffic safety indictors on Polish national road network

    Publication

    Although decreased from 2001 to 2013, Poland’s road deaths improved at a slower rate than the rest of the EU, leaving Poland as one of the worst road safety performing countries in the EU. The national road network in Poland, despite the dynamic transformation and development, still does not conform to the EU safety standards. Similar situation exists in other EU countries, particularly those in Central and Eastern Europe. Safety...

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  • Mobile wireless measurement system for potatoes storage management

    Publication

    The paper discusses the idea and the design of a remote control system for a storage management of agricultural products which temperature may rise in a result of biological processes during the storage. Exemplary potatoes storehouse is discussed as an application of the automation system. Because of existing buildings and infrastructure in the farm, wireless data transfer system has been proposed for both sensors to data acquisition...

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  • Risk assessment methodologies for pedestrian crossings without traffic lights – Warsaw case study – pedestrian safety assessment

    Publication

    - MATEC Web of Conferences - Year 2017

    Based on data from 2015 [1], it was found that 31% of all fatalities in road accidents in Poland were pedestrians. In places accessible to pedestrian traffic 74.2% of total accidents involving pedestrians were recorded. Approximately 53.9% of accidents involving pedestrians take place in the proximity of pedestrian crossings. In the context of improving the safety of vulnerable road users, an assessment of the condition of infrastructure...

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  • Influence of Natural Conditions on the Imaging of the Bottom of the Gdańsk Bay by Means of the Side Scan Sonar

    The interest in underwater resources is the reason for the development of modern hydroacoustic systems, including side sonars, which find numerous applications such as: research of seabed morphology and sediment characteristics, preparation of sea sediment maps, and even in special cases of biocenoses such as sea grass meadows, detection of specific targets at the bottom such as shipwrecks, mines, identification of suitable sites...

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  • KSZTAŁTOWANIE ZABUDOWY I SYSTEMÓW ZIELENI NA TERENACH MIEJSKICH

    Publication

    - PRACE NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU EKONOMICZNEGO WE WROCŁAWIU - Year 2018

    Dynamika wzrostu miast i problemy jakości ich środowiska skłaniają do badań nad możliwościami tworzenia efektywnych użytkowo systemów zieleni zintegrowanej z zabudową. Rozwijane są rozwiązania integrujące roślinność z rozwiązaniami architektonicznymi (tzw. zielona infrastruktura). Przejawem nowego podejścia do funkcji zieleni w mieście są farmy miejskie pozwalające na produkcję roślin na potrzeby społeczności lokalnej. Podjęte zostały...

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  • Standards with cybersecurity controls for smart grid - A systematic analysis

    In recent years numerous standards related to the cybersecurity of smart grids have been published, which led to the challenge for operators in obtaining indications that match their specific objectives and contexts. Although several studies approached this problem by providing more or less comprehensive surveys and overviews of smart grid cybersecurity standards, none of them was dedicated to the actual and important subject of...

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  • Sources of macroeconomic competitiveness in Central and East European Countries

    Publication

    - Year 2007

    The aim of the paper is to assess empirially economic growth and productivity patterns in Central and East European Countries (CEECs), and to provide a thorough insight into the factors influencing macroeconomic competitiveness in the CEE region. The study goes back to early 1990s and describes macroeconomic developments in eight countries which joined the EU in 2004 (namely: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,...

  • Gender and Digital Divide - Information and Communication Technologiesand their Impact on Equality

    Publication

    - Year 2006

    In the entire Europe more women than men graduate from tertiaryeducation institutes. However, they are underrepresented in scientific and engineering disciplines. Women researchers still constitute a minority in the Government and Higher Education Sectors. A number of industry reports highlight a low number of women in IT occupations49. This has led to a variety of public policy measures, such as subsidies on community provision,...

  • Fuel price, income and road safety as determinants of the level of the population’s economic well-being in Poland

    Publication

    - AIP Conference Proceedings - Year 2024

    The opportunity to travel is one of the most favorite human activities, given that on a trip a person gets new knowledge, impressions and positive emotions. Recreational trips occupy a prominent place in the concept of the economics of happiness, and the study of factors that influence decision-making regarding travel is important for forecasting the number of tourists, infrastructure development, income and expenses of businesses...

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  • Hold-Up Problems in International Gas Trade: A Case Study

    Publication

    - ENERGIES - Year 2021

    The infrastructure required for international natural gas trade is considerable, which often leads to hold-up problems and supply disruptions. This study discusses disruptions of gas supply from Algeria, Indonesia, Russia, and Turkmenistan since the early 1980s. The novelty of this study is its focus on the issues related to transit countries, which are rarely considered in the literature. The results of the study classify supply...

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  • Possible directions for development of C-ITS services in cities on the example of the TRISTAR System

    During the previous EU financial perspective (2007 - 2013), we observed an intensification of the evelopment of transport management systems using ITS services in Polish cities. One of the biggest territorially and functionally system is Tri-city TRISTAR system, the implementation of which was completed in 2015. The concept of the TRISTAR system and its architecture was developed in the years 2002-2007. Currently, we can observe...

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  • O utracie walorów pejzażowych przez wiejskie krajobrazy i o warunkach ich odzyskania

    Publication

    - Year 2012

    Wiejski krajobraz znajduje się dziś w stanie estetycznej katastrofy. Przestaje zarządzać nim rolnictwo, a rozwijające się mieszkalnictwo i turystyka nie kontynuują długookresowej perspektywy działania i środowiskowej odpowiedzialności charakterystycznej dla rodzinnych gospodarstw rolnych. Zabudowa mieszkaniowa przybyszów z miasta i nowa infrastruktura turystyczna niszczą wizualne walory wiejskiego krajobrazu: malowniczość i harmonię,...

  • Beata Koper dr

    People

    Beata Koper - Ph.D., assistant professor at the University of Opole. Digital Humanities Specialist at the Literary Research Infrastructure Laboratory (Institute of Literary Research, Polish Academy of Sciences), information and documentation specialist, UX designer, and last but not least team member of the Digital Humanities Center at the Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Co-author of the "Polish...

  • Risking It All or Here Comes the Flood

    Publication

    - Year 2018

    The professional reality is interdisciplinary! When city transformation and evolution starts, what are the tools for successful strategies for urban interventions? How does digital planning for digital fabrication processes look like? How dedicated are the new professionals? And how does this all influence the future of bridge design? More than 60 students representing various disciplines of built environment and working together...

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  • An Overview of Sport and the Future Smart Cities

    Publication

    One of the main challenges for future cities is to strengthen the role of people and their activities. Therefore, sport provides an opportunity to engage in physical activity, connecting citizens to the city. The question of how sport influences the development of cities and the concept of future smart cities arises. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between sport and the concept of smart cities by identifying...

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  • [AiU] Research methodology in architecture and urban planning

    e-Learning Courses
    • R. Jankowski
    • M. Dymnicka
    • P. Duch-Żebrowska

    {mlang pl} Dyscyplina: architektura i urbanistyka Zajęcia obowiązkowe dla doktorantów I roku Prowadzący:  Prof. Spela Hudnik Liczba godzin: 30 Forma zajęć: wykład {mlang} {mlang en} Discipline: architecture and urbanism Obligatory course for 1st-year PhD students Academic teachers: Prof. Spela Hudnik Total hours of training: 30 teaching hours Course type: lecture {mlang} CRITICAL ZONES VS COMFORT ZONES

  • Quasi-ciągły pomiar geometrii rozjazdów kolejowych

    Publication

    W czasie budowy nowych torów i rozjazdów kolejowych, jak również w procesie ich utrzymania, należy wykonać odpowiednie pomiary i ocenić stan geometrii badanej infrastruktury. Pomiary te mogą być wykonane z wykorzystaniem jednego z trzech systemów pomiarowych: pojazdami pomiarowymi, maszynami do budowy i utrzymania lub urządzeniami lekkimi i ręcznymi. W artykule przedstawiona została metoda pomiarów szerokości toru i przechyłki...

  • Możliwości usprawnienia zarządzania transportem zbiorowym z wykorzystaniem systemu zarządzania ruchem TRISTAR

    Publication

    W artykule zostały przedstawione możliwości usprawnienia zarządzania transportem zbiorowym z wykorzystaniem poszczególnych podsystemów Zintegrowanego Systemu Zarządzania Ruchem TRISTAR. Opisane zostały elementy systemu które mogą w skuteczny sposób wpłynąć na uatrakcyjnienie transportu zbiorowego. Przytoczono przykłady pokazujące potencjalne wykorzystanie pierwotnie nie przewidzianych do tego celu podsystemów. Omówiona została...

  • Molecular Strategy for Survival at a Critical High Temperature in Eschierichia coli

    Publication
    • M. Murata
    • H. Fujimoto
    • K. Nishimura
    • K. Charoensuk
    • H. Nagamitsu
    • S. Raina
    • T. Kosaka
    • T. Oshima
    • N. Ogasawara
    • M. Yamada

    - PLOS ONE - Year 2011

    The molecular mechanism supporting survival at a critical high temperature (CHT) in Escherichia coli was investigated. Genome-wide screening with a single-gene knockout library provided a list of genes indispensable for growth at 47°C, called thermotolerant genes. Genes for which expression was affected by exposure to CHT were identified by DNA chip analysis. Unexpectedly, the former contents did not overlap with the latter except...

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  • An examination of an Antarctic soil metagenomic-derivate putative methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene as a novel reporter gene for promoter trapping

    The rsfp gene was discovered during examination ofan Antarctic soil-derived metagenome library and encodesa bacterial methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (GenBank accession number GQ202582). In a previous study, we found that E. coli colonies expressing the rsfp gene reveal strong pink fluorescence after exposure to UV light when grown on culture medium supplemented with rhodamine B (Cieśliński et al., 2009). In contrast to that,...

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  • Prophylaxis of Non-communicable Diseases: Why Fruits and Vegetables may be Better Chemopreventive Agents than Dietary Supplements Based on Isolated Phytochemicals?

    Publication

    - CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN - Year 2019

    The World Health Organization (WHO) report from 2014 documented that non-communicable socalled civilization diseases such as cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer or type 2 diabetes are responsible for over 50% of all premature deaths in the world. Research carried out over the past 20 years has provided data suggesting that diet is an essential factor influencing the risk of development of these diseases....

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  • Licht, Luft, Sonne und Farbe. Ucząc się dziś od Gustava Oelsnera

    Artykuł przedstawia główne przesłanki podjęcia tematu całego tomu. Jest kluczem do powiązania wszystkich zamieszczonych w tomie prac, poruszających temat współczesnych interpretacji miasta, czerpiących z dorobku modernistycznych planistów i architektów - reformatorów miasta, oraz modernistycznej myśli architektonicznej i urbanistycznej. Główną postacią nie tylko tego artykułu, ale i całego tomu, jest Gustav Oelsner, architekt miejski...

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  • Imunofan—RDKVYR Peptide—Stimulates Skin Cell Proliferation and Promotes Tissue Repair

    Publication
    • J. Sawicka
    • M. Dzierżyńska
    • A. Wardowska
    • M. Deptuła
    • P. Rogujski
    • P. Sosnowski
    • N. Filipowicz
    • A. Mieczkowska
    • P. Sass
    • A. Pawlik... and 19 others

    - MOLECULES - Year 2020

    Regeneration and wound healing are vital to tissue homeostasis and organism survival. One of the biggest challenges of today’s science and medicine is finding methods and factors to stimulate these processes in the human body. Effective solutions to promote regenerative responses will accelerate advances in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, transplantology, and a number of other clinical specialties. In this study, we...

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  • Managing the security vulnerabilities of critical systems and hazardous plants

    Publication

    - Year 2007

    Rozdział poświęcono aktualnym problemom zarządzania ochroną obiektów podwyższonego ryzyka jako ważnych systemów infrastruktury krytycznej. Zarządzanie odpornością na ataki takich obiektów jest oparte na ocenach ryzyka. Podkreśla się, że występują ważne instalacje i systemy wymagające specjalnej uwagi i zabezpieczeń, szczególnie systemy kontroli dostępu do sterowni i urządzeń komunikacji. Opisuje się przykładowe technologie ochrony....

  • Road Restraint Systems as a Basis for Roadside Safety Improvement

    Roadside-related crashes occur when vehicles run off the road. The majority of the crashes have severe outcomes, especially when an object is hit (tree, pole, supports, front wall of a culvert, barrier). These accidents represent app. 19% of all of Poland's road deaths. Roadside crashes involve: hitting a tree, hitting a barrier, hitting a sign or utility pole, vehicle roll-over on the roadside, vehicle roll-over on a slope and...

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  • Anna Wałek dr

    People

    Dr Anna Wałek, President of IATUL – International Association of University Libraries, director of the Gdańsk University of Technology Library.  An experienced library manager, an expert in the field of Open Science, and organization and management of a scientific library. She conducts scientific research in data management in various scientific disciplines, metadata for research data, and data management support services - incl....

  • Rysunek Techniczny i Planistyczny

    e-Learning Courses
    • A. Wancław

    Kurs jest przeznaczony dla studentów 1 semestru kierunku GOSPODARKA PRZESTRZENNA, studia inżynierskie I stopnia. Celem zajęć jest przekazanie wiedzy i wykształcenie praktycznych umiejętności przydatnych przy sporządzaniu rysunków technicznych i planistycznych w zawodzie architekta urbanisty i zawodach pokrewnych związanych z gospodarką przestrzenną. Zajęcia odbywają się w formie ćwiczeń - 7 spotkań (rysunek odręczny) oraz w laboratorium...

  • Wpływ modernizacji linii kolejowych na poprawę wybranych parametrów techniczno - eksploatacyjnych

    Publication

    - Przegląd Komunikacyjny - Year 2015

    W artykule przedstawiono pojęcie jakości robót inwestycyjnych poszczególnych elementów infrastruktury kolejowej oraz metody jej oceny. Skupiono uwagę na jakości początkowej nawierzchni kolejowej po pracach modernizacyjnych na sieci Polskich Linii Kolejowych. Wskazano błędy oraz najczęstsze problemy techniczne występujące w trakcie trwania robót oraz po ich zakończeniu na poszczególnych etapach odbiorów. Opisano wpływ jakości początkowej...

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  • CENTRUM w systemie STRADAR – funkcje, architektura i realizacja

    System STRADAR jest rozwiązaniem umożliwiającym utworzenie infrastruktury komunikacyjno-teleinformatycznej przeznaczonej dla Morskiego Oddziału Straży Granicznej. Artykuł ten jest kolejną z cyklu publikacji opisujących architekturę i rozwiązanie systemu i dotyczy jego centralnego elementu, jakim jest CENTRUM. Przedstawiono i opisano funkcje, architekturę i realizację oprogramowania CENTRUM, które może być zainstalowane na dowolnym...

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  • Safety management of vulnerable road users - Erasmus+ European Digital Education in Road Infrastructure Management INFRO@D

    e-Learning Courses
    • J. Wachnicka
    • W. Kustra
    • D. Bytner
    • T. Mackun
    • M. Budzyński
    • A. Guzik

  • Analiza odcinków generujących straty czasu w transporcie tramwajowym

    Publication

    W czasie analiz i studiów przedwykonawczych dotyczących budowy nowych i modernizacji istniejących tras tramwajowych, bardzo często zakładane są nierealne czasy przejazdów, które weryfikuje się już po oddaniu linii do eksploatacji i przeprowadzeniu badań obserwacyjnych. Problematyczne wydaje się określenie, przed zakończeniem inwestycji, rzeczywistej prędkości jazdy, jak również strat czasu powstających w miejscach potencjalnych...

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  • "Creating a numerical model of noise conditions based on the analysis of traffic volume changes in cities with low and medium structure.

    Publication

    The subject of this research study is to analyze noise conditions of the selected area in the city of Gdańsk using data related to traffic volume changes during a day. This is because daily distribution of noise levels is much more helpful for noise control and reduction than traditional maps with Lden levels indicated. Calculations are made with the use of a numerical model developed at the Gdansk Univ. of Technology and implemented...

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  • How to provide fair service for V2I communications in VANETs?

    Publication

    In this paper, we focus on fairness issues of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications. In particular, we show that under a common technique of selection of RSUs by OBUs based on the received signal strength, a vast variability of a number of OBUs connected to RSUs can be observed leading to inefficient/unfair service provided by RSUs. To overcome this problem, we propose an algorithm for RSU selection called RSEL to obtain...

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  • "Creating a numerical model of noise conditions based on the analysis of traffic volume changes in cities with low and medium structure.

    Publication

    - Year 2015

    The subject of this research study is to analyze noise conditions of the selected area in the city of Gdańsk using data related to traffic volume changes during a day. This is because daily distribution of noise levels is much more helpful for noise control and reduction than traditional maps with Lden levels indicated. Calculations are made with the use of a numerical model developed at the Gdansk Univ. of Technology and implemented...

  • ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR COUNTRY STRATEGIC LEVEL

    Publication

    - Year 2013

    Strategic road safety programmes setting out long-term visions and road infrastructure development plans must be based on road safety forecasts and an understanding of the long-term impact of different measures on road safety. The objective of this paper is to discuss a concept of road safety management for an area of a selected country because there are no simple tools of road safety management for the development and implementation...

  • Developing a cycling subsystem as part of a sustainable mobility strategy: the case of Gdansk

    Modal share is an important component in developing sustainable transport within a city. In recent years, many cities have set modal share targets for balanced and sustainable transport modes: 30% of public transport and 30% of non-motorized (cycling and walking) modes. Gdansk strategic documents have set similar goals with some actions already taken towards those goals. The cycle network is increasing popular. Gdansk’s cycling...

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  • Multidecadal (1960-2011) shoreline changes in Isbjornhamna (Hornsund, Svalbard)

    Publication
    • A. Styszyńska
    • P. Zagórski
    • J. Rodzik
    • M. Strzelecki
    • M. Moskalik
    • M. Lim
    • M. Błaszczyk
    • A. Promińska
    • G. Kruszewski
    • A. Malczewski

    - Polish Polar Research - Year 2015

    Asection of a gravel−dominated coast in Isbjørnhamna (Hornsund, Svalbard) was analysed to calculate the rate of shoreline changes and explain processes controlling coastal zone development over last 50 years. Between 1960 and 2011, coastal landscape of Isbjørn− hamna experienced a significant shift from dominated by influence of tide−water glacier and protected by prolonged sea−ice conditions towards storm−affected and rapidly...

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  • C2 NIWA Community-Segmentation Criteria and Building Brand Associations on the Example of a Selected Target Group

    Publication

    Every organization which offers products or services wishes to communicate with their customers in the most effective way. This kind of communication is based on proper selection of target groups, which are extracted in the process of market segmentation. That is way it is very important to ask the question to whom the message is to be directed and what kind of message we want to give. This article describes the selection criteria...

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  • Vehicular Communication Environments

    Publication
    • E. G. Ström
    • L. Ekiz
    • T. Abbas
    • R. He
    • S. J. Ambroziak
    • V. Shivaldova
    • J. Nuckelt

    - Year 2016

    Communication to and between road vehicles (cars, truck, buses, trains, etc.) are of growing interest. This is partly due to the attractive services that cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITSs) provides, mainly in the areas of traffic safety and traffic efficiency. An enabler for C-ITS is wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, collectively referred to as vehicle-to-X (V2X)...

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  • Dimethyl ether (DME) as potential environmental friendly fuel

    In recent years, there has been a growing interest in replacing petroleum fuels with so-called second generation environmental friendly fuels. Compared to traditional petroleum fuels dimethyl ether (DME) could be used as a clean high-efficiency compression ignition fuel with reduced particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) as well as combustion noise. Compared to some of the other leading...

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  • The effects of vehicle restraint systems on road safety

    Key to understanding the needs and tools of road infrastructure management for preventing run-off-road crashes or minimising their consequences, is to identify the hazads and sources of hazards caused by wrong or improper use of road safety devices and identify errors in the desifn, structure, construction and operation of road safety devices. Studying such an extended scope of the problem required fieldwork and surveys with road...

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  • Coastline change-detection method using remote sensing satellite observation data

    Publication

    - HYDROACOUSTICS - Year 2016

    Coastal zones are not only the fundaments for local economics based on trade, shipping and transport services, but also a source of food, energy and resources. Apart from offering diverse opportunities for recreation and tourism, coastal zones provide protection against storms and other meteorological disturbances. Environmental information is also essential because of the direct influence on a country’s maritime zones, which are...

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  • Assessing vehicle restraint systems on horizontal curves

    Horizontal curves, an element of road infrastructure, have a statistically high number of accidents. Considering that horizontal curves in the last ten years have had app. 10% of all road accidents representing app. 14% of all fatalities on Polish roads, the issue is serious and requires more research and proper road safety treatments. Data for 2007 - 2016 show that in the case of accidents on horizontal curves app. 45% of the...

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  • Proposed method for estimating the costs of safety barrier life cycle

    Today barrier types are frequently selected for their price with little regard for the total costs the structure will incur over its lifetime. One of the basic tools designed to manage road infrastructure is the life cycle cost method (LCC, Life cycle cost). It sums up the costs to plan, design, build, operate (use and maintain) and decommission a road structure. Having developed dynamically at the turn of the century the method...

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