Search results for: CENTRALNE OGRZEWANIE - Bridge of Knowledge

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Search results for: CENTRALNE OGRZEWANIE

Search results for: CENTRALNE OGRZEWANIE

  • Stability by linear approximation for time scale dynamical systems

    We study systems on time scales that are generalizations of classical differential or difference equations and appear in numerical methods. In this paper we consider linear systems and their small nonlinear perturbations. In terms of time scales and of eigenvalues of matrices we formulate conditions, sufficient for stability by linear approximation. For non-periodic time scales we use techniques of central upper Lyapunov exponents...

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  • The Usage of the BP-Layers Stereo Matching Algorithm with the EBCA Camera Set

    Publication

    - Year 2023

    This paper is concerned with applying a stereo matching algorithm called BP-Layers to a set of many cameras. BP Layers is designed for obtaining disparity maps from stereo cameras. The algorithm takes advantage of convolutional natural networks. This paper presents using this algorithm with a set called Equal Baseline Camera Array. This set consists of up to five cameras with one central camera and other ones aground it. Such a...

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  • Self-assemblies of novel magnesium porphyrins mimicking natural chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls

    Publication
    • J. Szmytkowski
    • J. Conradt
    • H. Kuhn
    • C. M. Reddy
    • M. C. Balaban
    • T. S. Balaban
    • H. Kalt

    - Journal of Physical Chemistry C - Year 2011

    Self-assembling porphyrins are promising materials to mimic natural bacteriochlorophylls c, d, or e encountered in the chlorosomes of photosynthetic bacteria. We have studied four novel magnesium porphyrins mimicking this chlorosomal antenna system. In contrast to previous articles reporting synthetic Zn-porphyrins, our studies focus on porphyrins with Mg as the central atom, which mimic more closely the natural bacteriochlorophylls....

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  • Clustering Context Items into User Trust Levels

    An innovative trust-based security model for Internet systems is proposed. The TCoRBAC model operates on user profiles built on the history of user with system interaction in conjunction with multi-dimensional context information. There is proposed a method of transforming the high number of possible context value variants into several user trust levels. The transformation implements Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering strategy....

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  • Modern technologies in energy demand reducing of public transport — Practical applications

    Publication

    - Year 2017

    City of Gdynia (Poland) exploits one of the most modern trolleybus network in Europe, which has been involved in many projects related to the reduction of energy consumption. Some of them are connected with the improving of energy breaking recovery usage. An experimental stationary storage system at Północna substation, which was tested in 2012-2014, is a bright example of a system which is connected with the improving of the...

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  • Creating a more conscious built environment for day- and night-time setting through interdisciplinary collaboration

    Publication

    - Year 2017

    The last decades have seen an increase in the speed, scale and scope of urbanisation, fundamentally shifting the character of the built environment and engendering a radical search for new and resilient design practices. Although we, as society, live in the age of technology, inventions and almost unlimited access to information, we rarely use these opportunities to our advantage to improve the quality of life. It seems that multidisciplinary...

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  • Application of thin diamond films in low-coherence fiber-optic Fabry Pérot displacement sensor

    The novel fiber-optic low coherence sensor with thin diamond films is demonstrated. The undoped and boron-doped diamond films were elaborated by the use of the microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (μPE CVD) system. The optical signal from the Fabry–Pérot cavity made with the application of those thin films is sensitive to displacement. The sensor characterization was made in the range of 0–600 μm. The measurements...

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  • Analytical studies of spectrum broadcast structures in quantum Brownian motion

    Spectrum broadcast structures are a new and fresh concept in the quantum-to-classical transition, introduced recently in the context of decoherence and the appearance of objective features in quantum mechanics. These are specific quantum state structures, responsible for the objectivization of the decohered state of a system. Recently, they have been demonstrated by means of the well-known quantum Brownian motion model of the recoilless...

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  • The Use of Photographs in the Teaching/Learning of Descriptive Geometry

    Publication

    The article presents the concept of enriching the Descriptive Geometry course with photographs and several simplified real-life engineering tasks. The photographic images used for the exercises are tightly linked to engineering structures, the given specialization and the surrounding world. The photo image as a record of central projection of a real space can be useful for presentation and analysis of the properties of perspective....

  • Acceleration of the DGF-FDTD method on GPU using the CUDA technology

    We present a parallel implementation of the discrete Green's function formulation of the finite-difference time-domain (DGF-FDTD) method on a graphics processing unit (GPU). The compute unified device architecture (CUDA) parallel computing platform is applied in the developed implementation. For the sake of example, arrays of Yagi-Uda antennas were simulated with the use of DGF-FDTD on GPU. The efficiency of parallel computations...

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  • Quantum origins of objectivity

    Publication

    - PHYSICAL REVIEW A - Year 2015

    In spite of all of its successes, quantum mechanics leaves us with a central problem: How does nature create a bridge from fragile quanta to the objective world of everyday experience? Here we find that a basic structure within quantum mechanics that leads to the perceived objectivity is a so-called spectrum broadcast structure. We uncover this based on minimal assumptions, without referring to any dynamical details or a concrete...

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  • Locally Adaptive Cooperative Kalman Smoothing and Its Application to Identification of Nonstationary Stochastic Systems

    One of the central problems of the stochastic approximation theory is the proper adjustment of the smoothing algorithm to the unknown, and possibly time-varying, rate and mode of variation of the estimated signals/parameters. In this paper we propose a novel locally adaptive parallel estimation scheme which can be used to solve the problem of fixed-interval Kalman smoothing in the presence of model uncertainty. The proposed solution...

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  • Parallel implementation of the DGF-FDTD method on GPU Using the CUDA technology

    Publication

    The discrete Green's function (DGF) formulation of the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) is accelerated on a graphics processing unit (GPU) by means of the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) technology. In the developed implementation of the DGF-FDTD method, a new analytic expression for dyadic DGF derived based on scalar DGF is employed in computations. The DGF-FDTD method on GPU returns solutions that are compatible...

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  • Implementation of International Standards of Fiscal and Monetary Transparency - Case of Poland

    Publication

    - Year 2021

    Research background: Financial managers, investors, lenders, counterparties and citizens should have useful, reliable, timely, complete, comparable, readable information on fiscal and monetary policy. The actions taken and instruments used by fiscal and monetary authorities have an important impact on economic conditions. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to assess Poland's compliance with international standards...

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  • Novel Nonlinear High Order Technologies for Damage Diagnosis of Complex Assets

    Publication

    - Electronics - Year 2022

    For the first time worldwide, innovative techniques, generic non-linear higher-order unnormalized cross-correlations of spectral moduli, for the diagnosis of complex assets, are proposed. The normalization of the proposed techniques is based on the absolute central moments, that have been proposed and widely investigated in mathematical works. The existing higher-order, crosscovariances of complex spectral components are not sufficiently...

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  • Węzły grupy B

    Publication

    - Year 2008

    Węzły grupy B są budowane na przecięciach dróg, z których jedna - z definicji - nie może mieć punktów kolizji, na drugiej natomiast są one dopuszczalne. Węzeł taki oznacza zazwyczaj połączenie drogi ruchu szybkiego z drogami podrzędnymi. Oczywiście, nawet na przecięciu dróg ogólnodostępnych może być zastosowany węzeł grupy A - czyli węzeł całkowicie bezkolizyjny, o ile natężenia i ranga krzyżujących się dróg uzasadniają przyjecie...

  • ANALIZA PARAMETRÓW SYGNAŁU MOWY W KONTEKŚCIE ICH PRZYDATNOŚCI W AUTOMATYCZNEJ OCENIE JAKOŚCI EKSPRESJI ŚPIEWU

    Praca dotyczy podejścia do parametryzacji w przypadku klasyfikacji emocji w śpiewie oraz porównania z klasyfikacją emocji w mowie. Do tego celu wykorzystano bazę mowy i śpiewu nacechowanego emocjonalnie RAVDESS (Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song), zawierającą nagrania profesjonalnych aktorów prezentujących sześć różnych emocji. Następnie obliczono współczynniki mel-cepstralne (MFCC) oraz wybrane deskryptory...

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  • Shaping the new planning curricula in the post-socialistic context lessons from Poland and Russia

    Publication

    Planning education is the issue widely discussed during various conferences and seminars, especially ones grouping the representatives of universities offering professional education in this field. But to large extend this discourse is dominated by the realities and specifics of the highly- developed countries, which is also reflected in the structure of the organizations of universities offering these. At the same time planning...

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  • Intensyfikacja wewnętrznego odzysku ciepła w konwencjonalnych urządzeniach klimatyzacyjnych

    Publication

    - Year 2011

    W pracy przedstawiono rozważania dotyczące intensyfikacji odzysku ciepła w urządzeniach klimatyzacyjnych. Wykorzystując typowy układ wymienników ciepła w konwencjonalnej centrali klimatyzacyjnej zaproponowano nowy sposób odzysku ciepła. W wyniku badań eksperymentalnych i teoretycznych stwierdzono, że wewnętrzny odzysk ciepła jest ograniczony. Spośród wielu metod zwiększających sprawność odzysku ciepła zasugerowano jedną z metod...

  • Influence of external walls' thermal capacitance on indoor thermal comfort

    Publication

    - Year 2013

    The doctoral thesis presents the results of numerical investigations on the influence of walls’ thermal capacitance on indoor thermal comfort. A proper set of thermal parameters of a building structure can considerably limit the heating / cooling demand, and passively increase the indoor thermal comfort. However the effect of building thermal capacitance on indoor conditions is complex and not always beneficial. Among a great number...

  • Buckling Analysis of a Micro Composite Plate with Nano Coating Based on the Modified Couple Stress Theory

    The present study investigates the buckling of a thick sandwich plate under the biaxial non-uniform compression using the modified couple stress theory with various boundary conditions. For this purpose, the top and bottom faces are orthotropic graphene sheets and for the central core the isotropic soft materials are investigated. The simplified first order shear deformation theory (S-FSDT) is employed and the governing differential...

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  • Implementation of FDTD-Compatible Green's Function on Graphics Processing Unit

    Publication

    In this letter, implementation of the finite-difference time domain (FDTD)-compatible Green's function on a graphics processing unit (GPU) is presented. Recently, closed-form expression for this discrete Green's function (DGF) was derived, which facilitates its applications in the FDTD simulations of radiation and scattering problems. Unfortunately, implementation of the new DGF formula in software requires a multiple precision...

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  • Innovative method for utilization of wastewater for security and safety in rural areas

    In the rural areas building of sewerage systems and central wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) often brings too high costs, due to high distances from one farm to another and terrain configuration. Individual treatment systems for each farm are a good solution. The teratment wetlands for nine individual farms were constructed in Kaszubian Lake District in summer and autumn 2009. Three configurations of reed beds were chosen. In...

  • Features of a radial user interface to search engines

    The paper is concerned with a new type of user interface to search engines. Instead of presenting search results in a form of a ranked list, the results are presented in radial arrangement. In the center of the interface the most relevant web page is presented. Other web pages are located around the central one. The location of a web page depends on two factors: its relevance to the query and its content. The relevance has influence...

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  • The efficiency of pollutants removal and concepts on improvement for single-family TWs

    In the rural areas building of sewerage systems and central wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) often brings too high costs, due to high distances from one farm to another and terrain configuration. Individual treatment systems for each farm are a good solution. Theteratment wetlands for nine individual farms were constructed in Kaszubian Lake District in summer and autumn 2009. Three configurations of hydrophyte beds were chosen....

  • Extended non-linear relations of elastic shells undergoing phase transitions

    Publication

    The non-linear theory of elastic shells undergoing phase transitions was proposed by two first authors in J. Elast. 79, 67-86 (2004). In the present paper the theory is extended by taking into account also the elastic strain energy density of the curvilinear phase interface as well as the resultant forces and couples acting along the interface surface curve itself. All shell relations are found from the variational principle of...

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  • Heteroleptic tri-tert-butoxysilanethiolate complexes of manganese(II) - thermal studies

    The thermal behavior of Mn(II) silanethiolate series [Mn(SR)2L(MeOH)n], where R=SSi(OBut)3, L=heterocyclic nitrogen base and n=0, 1 or 2 has been comparatively investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and TG-infrared spectoscopy (IR) techniques. The TG curves indicate the differences in the thermal decomposition due to presence of distinct N-donor ligands and labile MeOH molecules coordinated...

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  • Fiber optic displacement sensor with signal analysis in spectral domain

    Publication

    In this paper, a study of a low-coherence fiber optic displacement sensor is presented. The sensor consisted of a broadband source whose central wavelength was either at 1310 nm or 1550 nm, a sensing Fabry-Pérot interferometer operating in reflective mode and an optical spectrum analyzer acting as the detection setup. All these components were connected by a single-mode fiber coupler. Metrological parameters of the sensor were...

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  • Methodology for assessing the lighting of pedestrian crossings based on light intensity parameters

    Publication

    - MATEC Web of Conferences - Year 2017

    One of the possible preventive measures that could improve safety at crossings is to assess the state of illumination of the lighting installation located in the transition area for pedestrians. The City of Warsaw has undertaken to comprehensively assess the pedestrian crossings to determine the level of road safety and the condition of lighting. The lighting conditions related to pedestrian crossings without traffic lights in...

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  • Influence of Aggregating Window Size on Disparity Maps Obtained from Equal Baseline Multiple Camera Set (EBMCS)

    Publication

    - Year 2016

    This paper is concerned with obtaining disparity maps on the basis of images from Equal Baseline Multiple Camera Set (EBMCS). EBMCS consists of a central camera and side cameras. Algorithms for obtaining disparity maps with the use of EBMCS take advantage of aggregating windows similarly to stereo matching algorithms for a stereo camera, a camera matrix or a camera array. The paper analyzes the influence of aggregating window size...

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  • Comparison of elastic and viscoelastic analysis of asphalt pavement at high temperature

    There are many various rheological models which are used for modeling of asphalt layers in flexible pavement structures. It can be expected that the use of various models may affect different results of mechanical pavement calculations and analysis. The paper presents comparison of the use of Burgers’ and Huet-Sayegh’s viscoelastic models and Hooke’s elastic model to calculate pavement deflections and strains at the bottom of asphalt...

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  • Low-coherence sensors with nanolayers for biomedical sensing

    In this paper, we describe the fiber optic low-coherence sensors using thin film. We investigated their metrological parameters. Presented sensors were made with the use of standard telecommunication single mode optical fiber (SMF28). Different materials were applied to obtain thick layers, such as boron doped diamond, silver and gold. The thickness of layers used in the experiments ranged from 100 nm to 300 nm. Measurements were...

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  • Hydrological Dry Periods versus Atmospheric Circulations in the Lower Vistula Basin (Poland) in 1954–2018

    Publication

    - Quaestiones Geographicae - Year 2022

    The paper discusses the impact of atmospheric circulation on the occurrence of droughts. The research in-cludes mean monthly discharges for 7 rivers in 1954-2018. Dry periods were determined with Standardised Streamflow Indices (SSI-12). Additionally, the circulation type calendar for Central Poland was used to determine the atmospheric circulation indices: western zonal (W), southern meridional (S) and cyclonicity (C). The analyses...

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  • Shadow Economy in Poland Recent Evidence Based on Survey Data

    Publication

    - Year 2021

    The book provides an estimate of the size of the shadow economy in Poland. Using analogous data, it traces core determinants of the existence of the shadow economy in Poland. It compares results with neighbouring countries, and if possible, the remaining Central-Eastern economies. The book tells why the problem of the unreported economic activity matters; it presents the problem from different angles―economic, social and institutional....

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  • FPGA Acceleration of Matrix-Assembly Phase of RWG-Based MoM

    Publication

    In this letter, the field-programmable-gate-array accelerated implementation of matrix-assembly phase of the method of moments (MoM) is presented. The solution is based on a discretization of the frequency-domain mixed potential integral equation using the Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions and their extension to wire-to-surface junctions. To take advantage of the given hardware resources (i.e., Xilinx Alveo U200 accelerator card),...

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  • ZnO ALD-Coated Microsphere-Based Sensors for Temperature Measurements

    Publication

    - SENSORS - Year 2020

    In this paper, the application of a microsphere-based fiber-optic sensor with a 200 nm zinc oxide (ZnO) coating, deposited by the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) method, for temperature measurements between 100 and 300°C, is presented. The main advantage of integrating a fiber-optic microsphere with a sensing device is the possibility of monitoring the integrity of the sensor head in real-time, which allows for higher accuracy during...

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  • Neoplasm, malignant - Male, 59 - Tissue image [5100730008369191]

    Open Research Data

    This is the histopathological image of SPINAL CORD, CRANIAL NERVES, AND OTHER PARTS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM tissue sample obtained in Medical University Gdańsk and deposited in ZMDL-GUMED. The sample image was taken using: Pannoramic 250 3DHistech slide scanner (20x magnification) and saved to DICOM format.

  • Surveillance camera tracking of GEO positioned objects

    Rozdział opisuje system sterowania kamerami ruchomymi PTZ realizujący śledzenie poruszającego się obiektu o znanej pozycji GPS. Przedstawione są idea systemu oraz możliwości jego wykorzystania. Opisane są: procedura kalibracji pola widzenia kamery i sposób powiązania z danymi o lokalizacji, procedura predykcji ruchu w celu kompensacji opóźnień czasowych. Omówiony jest zaimplementowany system modułowy, w którego skład wchodzą: terminale...

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  • RAPORT-EKSPERTYZA Z POMIARÓW DRGAŃ LINII WAŁÓW NA JEDNOSTCE ORP „PIORUN”

    Publication

    Ekspertyza diagnostyczna dotycząca stanu technicznego lini transmisji mocy (linii wałów) opracowana na podstawie przeprowadzonych pomiarów drgań. Pomiary prędkości i przyspieszeń drgań generowanych przez węzły konstrukcyjne linii wałów okrętowego układu napędowego wykonano po naprawie głównej napędu okrętu w stoczni „NAUTA”, w celu określenia jego stanu dynamicznego. Rejestrację drgań przeprowadzono w: • płaszczyźnie pionowej (V)...

  • Zróżnicowanie państw Unii Europejskiej ze względu na stopień decentralizacji fiskalnej

    Artykuł miał na celu porównanie stopnia decentralizacji wydatkowej w krajach UE. Oprócz celu głównego obrano cele szczegółowe, takie jak: identyfikacja cech państw, w których średni poziom decentralizacji wydatkowej był zbliżony, konfrontacja wyników z rezultatami przedstawianymi w literaturze, sprawdzenie przydatności metody analizy skupień do grupowania obiektów (krajów), gdy zmienną jest decentralizacja wydatkowa. Zakres badań...

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  • Aktywna Termografia Dynamiczna - przetwarzanie serii obrazów w diagnostyce medycznej

    Publication

    Aktywna termografia dynamiczna (ATD) jest metodą obrazowania zmian temperatury na powierzchni badanego obiektu w czasie jako odpowiedź na zastosowane pobudzenie zewnętrzne (ogrzewanie lub chłodzenie). Celem badania jest określenie właściwości obiektu w czasie trwania termicznych procesów przejściowych, takich jak grzanie lub chłodzenie. Obiekt badany jest pobudzany sygnałem cieplnym (zewnętrznie) lub farmakologicznie (wewnętrznie)....

  • Zagraniczni inwestorzy w chorwackim sektorze bankowym

    Publication

    Cel - przedstawienie sytuacji w chorwackim sektorze bankowym odnośnie udziału kapitału zagranicznego, jego wpływu na wyniki sektora, jak i strukturę rynku. Metoda badania – Wykorzystane metody badawcze obejmują studia literatury, głównie zagranicznej, oraz analizę danych finansowych oraz raportów Banku Centralnego w Chorwacji. Wyniki – zmiany w prawodawstwie wprowadzone po drugim kryzysie bankowym w Chorwacji doprowadziły do istotnego...

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  • Oferta instytucji otoczenia biznesu w Polsce

    Publication

    - Year 2013

    Prezentowany rozdział poświęcony jest analizie sektora otoczenia biznesu w Polsce. Autorka, bazując na dostępnych statystykach i raportach z badań przedstawia ofertę, zakres realizowanych działań oraz potencjał ludzki, techniczny i finansowy poszczególnych typów instytucji okołobiznesowych: ośrodków innowacji (w tym struktur parkowych, inkubatorów i centrów transferu technologii), ośrodków przedsiębiorczości (przede wszystkim ośrodków...

  • EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF THE FUEL NOZZLE GEOMETRY ON THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF THE MARINE 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

    Publication

    - Journal of KONES - Year 2018

    The article presents experimental research that has been carried out on a marine, 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, turbocharged engine. During testing, the engine operated at a constant rotational speed of 750 rpm and a load from 0 kW to 280 kW. The engine was fuelled by diesel oil of known specification and loaded by electric generator with water resistance. The fuel consumption was measured during the engine operation with fuel nozzles...

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  • Human friendly architectural design for a small Martian base

    Publication

    - ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH - Year 2011

    W artykule przedstawiono architektoniczny projekt przyjaznej człowiekowi bazy marsjańskiej. Stworzony on został na podstawie analizy warunków na Marsie, dostępnych obecnie technologii i problemów socjopsychologicznych w izolowanych habitatach w warunkach ekstremalnych, a także w odniesieniu do Marsjańskiej Misji Wzorcowej opracowanej przez NASA. Autorzy szczególną uwagę poświęcili czynnikowi ludzkiemu, który nie może zostać zaniedbany...

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  • Intensyfikacja wewnętrznego odzysku ciepła w konwencjonalnych urządzeniach klimatyzacyjnych

    Publication

    - Instal - Year 2011

    W pracy przedstawiono rozważania dotyczące intensyfikacji odzysku ciepła w urządzeniach klimatyzacyjnych. Wykorzystując typowy układ wymienników ciepła w konwencjonalnej centrali klimatyzacyjnej zaproponowano nowy sposób odzysku ciepła. W wyniku badań eksperymentalnych i teoretycznych stwierdzono, że wewnętrzny odzysk ciepła jest ograniczony. Spośród wielu metod zwiększających sprawność odzysku ciepła zasugerowano jedną z metod...

  • The Main Buildings of Technical Universities in Lviv, Warsaw, Gdańsk and Wrocław. Neo-Renaissance „Architecture parlante”

    Publication

    - Year 2018

    The article compares the buildings of historical campuses of four technical universities located in areas related to Polish culture. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, several new technical universities were established in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1844, the Technical Academy was opened in Lviv. In 1899, the Russian who were occupying the east and central part of Poland established the Polytechnic Institute in Warsaw....

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  • Wino – uzupełnienie czy dominujący składnik portfela inwestycyjnego o minimalnym ryzyku

    Cel – Określenie struktury portfela inwestycyjnego o minimalnym ryzyku, składającego się z inwestycji na rynku win oraz z inwestycji w akcje spółek notowanych na wybranych giełdach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Metodologia badania – Konstrukcja portfeli inwestycyjnych zgodnie z teorią zaproponowaną przez H.M. Markowitza, poparta badaniami literaturowymi odnoszącymi się do zagadnienia ekonomii wi-na. Wynik – Inwestycja w wino może...

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  • Pomiar sił w wantach mostu podwieszonego

    W artykule przedstawiono metodę oraz wyniki badań sił w wantach Mostu III Tysiąclecia im. Jana Pawła II w Gdańsku. Do identyfikacji sił wykorzystano trzy metody: wibracyjną; z wykorzystaniem siłownika jednosplotowego (lift-off) oraz pomiaru strzałki ugięcia. Przedstawione wyniki badań dowodzą, że wszystkie metody mogą być z powodzeniem wykorzystywane do identyfikacji rzeczywistej siły w wancie. Każda z metod ma jednak ograniczenia...

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  • ZMIANY STRUKTURY DEMOGRAFICZNEJ LUDNOŚCI – WYZWANIA DLA RYNKU PRACY

    Publication

    - Year 2014

    Polska, podobnie jak i inne kraje europejskie doświadcza w przyspieszonym tempie zmian demograficznych, które w krajach o rozwiniętych gospodarkach rynkowych rozpoczęły się w latach 60. XX wieku. Procesy nieodwracalne, związane ze starzeniem się społeczeństwa na początku zaobserwowano w Skandynawii, następnie proces ten objął kraje Europy Zachodniej, Europy Południowej, w latach 90. XX wieku – również Europę Środkową i Wschodnią....