Filtry
wszystkich: 857
-
Katalog
Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: substrat wolnorozkladalny
-
Frequency-Reconfigurable Hybrid SIW-Based Self-Diplexing Antenna Using Solid and Liquid Dielectric Loading
PublikacjaThis paper presents a novel frequencyreconfigurable self-diplexing antenna (SDA) utilizing a hybrid substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW). The antenna comprises a radiating slot, a feeding network, and a hybrid SIW cavity featuring half-mode circular and half-mode rectangular SIW structures. The unique feature of this antenna lies in its fine-tuning capability of each resonant frequency by inserting or injecting solid and liquid...
-
Microstructure and Properties of Electroless Ni-P/Si3N4 Nanocomposite Coatings Deposited on the AW-7075 Aluminum Alloy
PublikacjaThe article presents the results of mechanical and tribological tests of Ni-P/Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings deposited on the AW-7075 aluminum alloy using the chemical reduction method. The influence of the chemical composition on the Vickers microhardness determined by the DSI method was examined. The nanocomposite layers were made of Si3N4 silicon nitride in a polydisperse powder with a particle size ranging from 20 to 25 nm. The...
-
Modelling of dark fermentation of glucose and sour cabbage
PublikacjaIn the article, modified Anaerobic Digestion Models 1 (ADM-1) was tested for modelling dark fermentation for hydrogen production. The model refitting was done with the Euler method. The new model was based on sets of differential equations. The model was checked for hydrogen production from sour cabbage in batch and semi-batch in 5 g VSS (volatile solid suspension)/L and at the semi-batch process from glucose at 5 and 10 g VSS/L....
-
Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)/Epoxy Coatings: A Review
PublikacjaEpoxy coatings are developing fast in order to meet the requirements of advanced materials and systems. Progress in nanomaterial science and technology has opened a new era of engineering for tailoring the bulk and surface properties of organic coatings, e.g., adhesion to the substrate, anti-corrosion, mechanical, flame-retardant, and self-healing characteristics. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a subclass of coordinative polymers...
-
Design-Oriented Constrained Modeling of Antenna Structures
PublikacjaFast surrogate models are crucially important to reduce the cost of design process of antenna structures. Due to curse of dimensionality, standard (data-driven) modeling methods exhibit serious limitations concerning the number of independent geometry parameters that can be handled but also (and even more importantly) their parameter ranges. In this work, a design-oriented modeling framework is proposed in which the surrogate is...
-
Properties of ordered titanium templates covered with Au thin films for SERS applications
PublikacjatCurrently, roughened metal nanostructures are widely studied as highly sensitive Raman scattering sub-strates that show application potential in biochemistry, food safety or medical diagnostic. In this workthe structural properties and the enhancement effect due to surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) ofhighly ordered nano-patterned titanium templates covered with thin (5–20 nm) gold films are reported.The templates are formed...
-
Broadband Compact Single-Layer Magic-T Junction with Separation of DC Signals between All Ports
PublikacjaA novel structure for a four-port microstrip magic-T junction is presented. The device is composed of microstrip and slotline circuits etched onto two sides of a dielectric substrate. The device is extremely compact and occupies an area more than three times smaller than similar structures recently reported in the literature. The novelty of the device lies in the use of microstrip/slotline transitions for both input ports: summation...
-
Photoinduced K+ Intercalation into MoO3/FTO Photoanode—the Impact on the Photoelectrochemical Performance
PublikacjaIn this work, thin layers of MoO3 were tested as potential photoanodes for water splitting. The influence of photointercalation of alkali metal cation (K+) into the MoO3 structure on the photoelectrochemical properties of the molybdenum trioxide films was investigated for the first time. MoO3 thin films were synthesized via thermal annealing of thin, metallic Mo films deposited onto the FTO substrate using a magnetron sputtering...
-
Sensing the onset of epoxy coating degradation with combined Raman spectroscopy/atomic force microscopy/electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
PublikacjaThe paper presents the results of investigation on epoxy resin durability upon 12-week exposure to UV radiation. The aim was early determination of the onset of epoxy degradation and for this purpose an epoxy film on steel substrate systems were periodically inspected using Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The behaviour of examined polymer could be divided into three periods: immunity,...
-
Modification of TiO2 nanotubes by graphene–strontium and cobalt molybdate perovskite for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic medium
PublikacjaHerein, we demonstrate that modification of TiO2 nanotubes with graphene–strontium and cobalt molybdate perovskite can turn them into active electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). For this purpose, a simple method of hydrothermal synthesis of perovskites was developed directly on the TiO2 nanotubes substrate. Moreover, the obtained hybrids were also decorated with graphene oxide (GO) during one-step hydrothermal...
-
Excitation of Circularly Polarized Wave via Single-Feed Metasurface-Integrated Compact Antenna for Internet of Things
PublikacjaA compact circularly polarized (CP) quasi-omnidirectional antenna is introduced for internet of things (IoT). The structure consists of two components implemented on FR-4 substrates, and sep-arated by an air gap: one printed with a rectangular patch fed through a matching network, and another with a metasurface and a ground plane. Two different methods for impedance matching are employed. An equivalent circuit model of the antenna...
-
Ceria Based Protective Coatings for Steel Interconnects Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis
PublikacjaStainless steels can be used in solid oxide fuel/electrolysis stacks as interconnects. For successful long term operation they require protective coatings, that lower the corrosion rate and block chemical reactions between the interconnect and adjacent layers of the oxygen or the hydrogen electrode. One of the promising coating materials for the hydrogen side is ceria. Using standard sintering techniques, ceria sinters at around...
-
Nanocrystalline Polymer Impregnated [Fe(pz)Pt(CN)4] Thin Films Prepared by Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation
PublikacjaIn this work, the fabrication of [Fe(pz)Pt(CN)4] (pz = pyrazine) thin films by means of matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) was investigated. As starting material, a cryogenically cooled suspension of anocrystalline [Fe(pz)Pt- (CN)4] (0.35wt.-%) in a mixture of 1,1-dichloroethane and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used. Films of a thickness up to 150–200 nm were deposited on Si substrates by laser ablation at λ = 1064...
-
Raman data of deuterium and hydrogen grown boron-doped diamond
Dane BadawczeRaman spectra were recorded at room temperature using a micro-Raman spectrometer (Invia, Renishaw) equipped with an edge filter with different excitation wavelengths and lasers: UV λ = 325 nm (HeCd), blue λ = 488 nm (Ar+), green λ = 514 nm (Ar+), and IR λ = 785 nm (IR diode) and 50× microscope objective. To avoid sample heating, the radiation power...
-
Janusz Rachoń prof. dr hab. inż.
OsobySprawował urząd rektora w latach 2002-2008 Urodził się 11 sierpnia 1946 r. w Nowym Sączu. Studia wyższe ukończył w 1969 r. na Wydziale Chemicznym Politechniki Gdańskiej, uzyskując tytuł magistra inżyniera chemika. W 1969 r. rozpoczął pracę na Wydziale Chemicznym Politechniki Gdańskiej, na którym uzyskał w 1975 r. doktorat, a w 1985 r. habilitację. Na stanowisko docenta został powołany w 1989 r., na stanowisko profesora nadzwyczajnego...
-
Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Films as Reflective Layers for Fiber-Optic Sensors of Refractive Index of Liquids
PublikacjaThis paper reports the application of doped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films—nitrogen-doped NCD and boron-doped NCD—as reflective surfaces in an interferometric sensor of refractive index dedicated to the measurements of liquids. The sensor is constructed as a Fabry–Pérot interferometer, working in the reflective mode. The diamond films were deposited on silicon substrates by a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition...
-
Rearrangement of azoxybenzocrowns into chromophoric hydroxyazobenzocrowns and the use of hydroxyazobenzocrowns for the synthesis of ionophoric biscrown compounds
PublikacjaThe Wallach rearrangement was used as a method for preparing p-hydroxyazobenzocrown ethers starting from different azoxybenzocrowns as substrates. Synthesis of a series of p-hydroxyazobenzocrowns under modified conditions and characterization of the obtained products are presented. o-Hydroxyazobenzocrowns were identified among the products of the photochemical rearrangement of azoxybenzocrowns. Novel biscrowns were synthesized...
-
Voriconazole-Based Salts Are Active against Multidrug-Resistant Human Pathogenic Yeasts
PublikacjaVoriconazole (VOR) hydrochloride is unequivocally converted into VOR lactates and valinates upon reaction with silver salts of organic acids. This study found that the anticandidal in vitro activity of these compounds was comparable or slightly better than that of VOR. The Candida albicans clinical isolate overexpressing CaCDR1/CaCDR2 genes, highly resistant to VOR, was apparently more susceptible to VOR salts. On the other hand,...
-
Surface modifcation of PMMA polymer detected by XPS
Dane BadawczeIn order to obtain the experimental specimens, four PMMA/PC61BM samples with the following mass proportions were prepared: 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. In addition, as a reference, a PMMA sample without PC61BM was prepared as well. For the fabrication process, PC61BM 99.5% (Solenne BV), chloroform HPLC (Sigma Aldrich), and PMMA (commercially available...
-
Kriging metamodels and design re‐utilization for fast parameter tuning of antenna structures
PublikacjaThe paper addresses the problem of computationally efficient electromagnetic (EM)‐driven design closure of antenna structures. The foundations of the presented approach are fast kriging interpolation metamodels, utilized for two purposes: (a) producing a good starting point for further parameter tuning, and (b) yielding a reasonable Jacobian matrix estimate to jump‐start the optimization procedure. The models are rendered using...
-
Guided wave propagation in debonding detection in CFRP-reinforced steel plate-like structures
PublikacjaThe present study investigates the guided wave propagation in multilayered steel specimens reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) through theoretical, numerical, and experimental means. The effectiveness of externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) relies heavily on the bonding quality between the CFRP and the substrate. Premature debonding, a prevalent and hazardous defect, can arise from suboptimal manufacturing processes,...
-
Zero-pole approach to computer aided design of in-line siw filters with transmission zeros
PublikacjaThis paper presents a design of a new type of in-line pseudo-elliptic filters implemented in substrate integrated waveguide(SIW) technology. To realize transmission zeros in in-line topology,frequency-dependent couplings were used. Such dispersive couplingswere implemented as shorted stubs. The design process startswith the generation of a suitable starting point. To this end, anapproximation of SIW as a rectangular waveguide is...
-
Engineering Au nanoparticle arrays on SiO2 glass by pulsed UV laser irradiation
PublikacjaWe study semi-regular arrays of Au nanoparticles (NP) obtained via UV laser irradiation of thin Au films on glass substrate. The NP structures are prepared from films of a thickness up to 60 nm produced by discharge sputtering or pulsed laser deposition, and annealed by nanosecond laser pulses at 266 or 308 nm, respectively, at fluencies in the range of 60-410 mJ/cm2. For the rare- and close-packed NP structures, consistent description...
-
Regeneration of marine engine valves using laser surfacing
PublikacjaThis article presents an analysis of the applicability of laser surfacing of the exhaust valve face of a marine diesel engine using cobalt-based powder. After preparation by machining, the selected valves were subjected to laser surfacing using a high-power ROFIN DL020 laser. The EuTroLoy 16012 powder was used in the surfacing process. One of the valves was cut and subjected to metallographic examination and hardness measurements,...
-
On Reduced-Cost Design-Oriented Constrained Surrogate Modeling of Antenna Structures
PublikacjaDesign of contemporary antenna structures heavily relies on full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation models. Such models are essential to ensure reliability of evaluating antenna characteristics, yet, they are computationally expensive and therefore unsuitable for handling tasks that require multiple analyses, e.g., parametric optimization. The cost issue can be alleviated by using fast surrogate models. Conventional data-driven...
-
Integration of protein tethering in a rapid and label-free SERS screening platform for drugs of abuse
PublikacjaSurface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a promising technique for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of molecular species such as drugs of abuse in biofluids. Yet, it remains a significant challenge to create a viable screening tool for multiple drug classes, owing to the lack of affinity of certain species for the SERS substrate and to the matrix interference in complex media. Here we report a protein tethering...
-
Mathematical modelling of two-step nitrification-denitrification for treatment of sludge digester liquors: influence of nitrite (NO2-N) on the process kinetics
PublikacjaSeparate treatment of the sludge digester liquors is an alternative for expansion of the mainstream treatment line. In order to reduce the oxygen demand for nitrification and organic carbon demand for denitrification, a shortcut in the nitrogen conversion pathway has been promoted in recent years, i.e. nitrification-denitrification via NO2-N instead of NO3-N. Although NO2-N is a common intermediate product of nitrification and...
-
Nanocrystalline diamond sheets as protective coatings for fiber-optic measurement head
PublikacjaFiber-optic sensors find numerous applications in science and industry, but their full potential is limited because of the risk of damaging the measurement head, in particular, due to the vulnerability of unprotected tips of the fiber to mechanical damage and aggressive chemical agents. In this paper, we report the first use of a new nanocrystalline diamond structure in a fiber-optic measurement head as a protective coating of...
-
Planar Microwave Bragg Reflector Resonant Dielectric Sensor
PublikacjaIn this paper, a periodic structure is used to design a microwave Bragg reflector with the help of hexagonal lattice, which provides a 5 GHz wide stopband between the low-pass band with cut-off frequency 2.6 GHz and the bandpass response with start and stop frequency 7.8 GHz and 10.5 GHz, respectively. A defect in lattice allows passing a narrowband signal at 6 GHz which is found, from the dispersion relation, to be in the region...
-
Cyclic behavior of FeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloy coatings produced through cold spray
PublikacjaeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloy powders were employed to produce coatings on carbon steel through high pressure cold spray (at 1100 °C and 7 MPa in temperature and pressure respectively). X-ray diffraction of the sprayed material revealed a dense coating with the retention of the original crystallographic structure. Once splatted, particles revealed high flattening ratio with consequent excellent adhesion of the coating to the substrate....
-
Influence of B/N co-doping on electrical and photoluminescence properties of CVD grown homoepitaxial diamond films
PublikacjaBoron doped diamond (BDD) has great potential in electrical, and electrochemical sensing applications. The growth parameters, substrates, and synthesis method play a vital role in the preparation of semiconducting BDD to metallic BDD. Doping of other elements along with boron (B) into diamond demonstrated improved efficacy of B doping and exceptional properties. In the present study, B and nitrogen (N) co-doped diamond has been...
-
Effect of sodium acetate on citric acid production from glucose by Yarrowia lipolytica
PublikacjaZbadano wpływ octanu sodu na produkcję kwasu cytrynowego z glukozy w hodowli wgłębnej przez nie utylizującego octanu mutanta (oct-) Yarrowia lipolytica A-101.1.31. Octan będący ko-substratem glukozy w pożywce zwiększał produktywność i plon kwasu cytrynowego w ciągu pierwszych 24 godzin procesu. Największy pozytywny wpływ na biosyntezę kwasu cytrynowego przez Y. lipolytica A-101.1.31 miał dodatek 2g/L octanu sodu (przy zbadanych...
-
Microwave-assisted boration of potato starch
PublikacjaZiarnistą skrobię ziemniaczaną boranowano za pomocą kwasu borowego i dziesięciowodnego tetraboranu sodu (boraksu) w reakcji wspomaganej mikrofalami. Określono wpływ stosunku substratów oraz czasu trwania i mocy naświetlania na stopień estryfikacji (DE) produktów. Maksymalna wartość DE w próbkach skrobi boranowanej kwasem wyniosła 0,27, a boranowanej boraksem 0,18. Ustalono, że chociaż zmodyfikowana skrobia, o strukturze estrów...
-
Przemysłowa produkcja aminokwasów
PublikacjaProdukcję aminokwasów na skalę przemysłową uruchomiono na początku XX wieku. Obecnie w skali światowej wytwarza się ich prawie 2 mln ton rocznie. Początkowo aminokwasy otrzymywano z hydrolizatów białkowych. Obecnie na drodze syntezy chemicznej otrzymuje się glicynę i DL-metioninę. L-Tryptofan i kwas L-asparaginowy wytwarza się za pomocą enzymów bakteryjnych z prostych substratów. Najpopularniejszą metodą produkcji aminokwasów jest...
-
Meldrum’s acid assisted formation of tetrahydroquinolin‑2‑one derivatives a short synthetic pathway to the biologically useful scaffold
PublikacjaA new method for the preparation of tetrahydroquinolin-2-one derivatives is presented. This approach involves a two-step reaction between enaminones and acylating agents, immediately followed by electrophilic cyclization, all within a single synthesis procedure, eliminating the need to isolate intermediates. The entire process is facilitated by the use of acyl Meldrum’s acids which not only shortens the preparation time of the...
-
Electrolytic deposition of reactive element thin films on Crofer 22 APU and evaluation of the resulting high-temperature corrosion protection properties at 700 °C–900 °C
PublikacjaThis article presents electrolytic deposition of thin Rare Earth (RE) coatings on Crofer 22 APU stainless steel substrates for high temperature applications, such as interconnects in solid oxide cell stacks. The deposition of coatings based on yttrium-, gadolinium-, lanthanum-, and cerium nitrates is discussed. The high temperature corrosion properties of surface-modified steels were examined using thermogravimetry and electrical...
-
Ordered titania nanotubes layer selectively annealed by laser beam for high contrast electrochromic switching
PublikacjaThe phase conversion from amorphous into crystalline one in the selected area of as-anodized titania nanotubes was achieved via laser treatment. The optimized processing parameters enable fast, one-minute crystallization of titania within an area limited by a shadow mask and without any morphology damage of ordered TiO2 tubular film. The laser annealed titania nanotubes could be easily overgrown by a conducting polymer without...
-
Biowodór, „paliwo przyszłości”, dotychczasowe metody otrzymywania , porównanie metod otrzymywania
PublikacjaWodór jest ważnym pierwiastkiem w przemyśle chemicznym. Biowodór wydaje się być użytecznym odnawialnym nośnikiem energii, który mógłby zastąpić paliwa kopalne. Największym problemem wodoru jest jego rzadkie występowanie w czystej formie molekularnej H 2 . Dlatego otrzymanie biowodoru w objętościach opłacalnych ja ko surowiec czy biopaliwo wiedzie przez bioodpady „przesycone” wodorem. Każdy związek...
-
Izoenzymy cytochromu P450 w metabolizmie związków endo- i egzogennych.
PublikacjaCytochromy P450 (CYP) należą do enzymatycznych białek hemowych występujących we wszystkich organizmach żywych. W komórkach eukariotycznych katalizują biosyntezę związków endogennych, głównie lipidów i ich pochodnych, ale także metabolizm ksenobiotyków, w tym leków. W reakcjach tych substraty ulegają C-oksydacji (hydroksylacja, epoksydacja, peroksydacja), N-oksydacji, S-oksydacji oraz oksydacyjnej O-, S-, i N-dealkilacji. W konsekwencji...
-
Assessment of organic coating degradation via local impedance imaging
PublikacjaThe paper presents a new approach to organic coating condition evaluation at micrometer scale using localized impedance measurements. It is based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) in contact mode. Impedance is measured between conductive AFM tip and metal substrate covered with organic coating. A single-frequency voltage perturbation signal is applied between the electrodes and current response signal is registered. As the tip is...
-
Process zone in the Single Cantilever Beam under transverse loading. - Part II: Experimental
PublikacjaThis paper describes an experimental arrangement to evaluate stress/strain fields in the process zone of asymmetric adhesively bonded joints. A transparent polycarbonate flexible beam was bonded to an aluminium alloy rigid block with an epoxy adhesive in a Single Cantilever Beam (SCB) configuration. The flexible adherend was loaded in the direction parallel to the initial crack front at constant rate. To monitor strains induced...
-
Understanding the Dominant Physics Mechanisms on the p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated by Scalable Slot-Die Coating Process in Ambient Air
PublikacjaPerovskite solar cells (PSC) are emerging technologies that have shown continuous improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability. However, a very important aspect that has been seldom considered is the reproducibility of PCE of PSC devices. It is possible to achieve PCE from 10.21% to 17.05% using scalable slot-die-coating technique. However, a spatial distribution of performance is clearly observed for device samples...
-
Highly-Miniaturized Microfluidically-Based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Diplexer Employing Half-Mode SIRW
PublikacjaThis article introduces a super-miniaturized frequency reconfigurable antenna diplexer based on microfluidic techniques. The proposed structure is developed using a half-mode substrate-integrated rectangular waveguide (HMSIRW). The antenna architecture consists of two HMSIRW cavities loaded with L-shaped slots, which are excited by two microstrip feedlines to realize two distinct radiating frequency bands. The footprint of the...
-
Wear Resistance Enhancement of Al6061 Alloy Surface Layer by Laser Dispersed Carbide Powders
PublikacjaIn this paper, results of the experimental study on improving wear resistance in sliding friction of Al-based alloy are presented. The technique used involves the formation of a metal matrix composite (MMC) in the alloy surface layer by laser dispersion of carbide powders such as WC, TiC and SiC. For WC and TiC MMC surface coatings fabricated under conditions typical for most of the technologically relevant solid-state lasers (wavelength...
-
Spectacular Oxygen Evolution Reaction Enhancement through Laser Processing of the Nickel‐Decorated Titania Nanotubes
PublikacjaThe selective, laser‐induced modification of the nickel‐decorated titania nanotubes provides remarkable enhancement toward oxygen evolution reaction. Particularly, the irradiation of the laterally spaced crystalline TiO2 nanotubes, results in the formation of the tight closure over irradiated end, preserving their hollow interior. The shape of the absorbance spectra is modulated along with applied energy, and the new absorption...
-
Determination of phenol biodegradation pathways in three psychrotolerant yeasts, Candida subhashii A011, Candida oregonensis B021 and Schizoblastosporion starkeyi-henricii L012, isolated from Rucianka peatland
PublikacjaIn this study, three psychrotolerant phenol-degrading yeast strains Candida subhashii (strain A011), Candida oregonenis (strain B021) and Schizoblastosporion starkeyi-henricii (strain L012) isolated from Rucianka peatland were examined to determine which alternative metabolic pathway for phenol biodegradation is used by these microorganisms. All yeast strains were cultivated in minimal salt medium supplemented with phenol at 500,...
-
Simple 60 GHz Switched Beam Antenna for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications
PublikacjaA new 60 GHz band single-input switched beam antenna is proposed for the fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave network applications. The presented design is capable of electronically switching the main beam in two different directions via a proposed microstrip-line-to-slotline single-pole dual-throw (SPDT) switch based on commercially available p-i-n diodes. The antenna is fabricated in a low-cost printed circuit board process...
-
The protective properties of graphene oxide coatings functionalized with phosphorus atoms.
PublikacjaRecently, electrophoretically deposited graphene oxide coatings are commonly applied as an anti-corrosion layer. However, improper adjustment of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) parameters as well as the hydrophilic nature of graphene oxide contribute to the formation of defects in the coatings and the increase in the wetting properties, respectively, and thus lead to a reduction of protective properties. The growth of wetting...
-
Endothelial Dysfunction Driven by Hypoxia—The Influence of Oxygen Deficiency on NO Bioavailability
PublikacjaCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. The initial stage of CVDs is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, defined as the limited bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). Thus, any factors that interfere with the synthesis or metabolism of NO in endothelial cells are involved in CVD pathogenesis. It is well established that hypoxia is both the triggering factor as well as the accompanying factor...
-
Spectacular Oxygen Evolution Reaction Enhancement Through Laser Processing of the Nickel-Decorated Titania Nanotubes
PublikacjaThe selective, laser-induced modification of the nickel-decorated titania nanotubes provides remarkable enhancement toward oxygen evolution reaction. Particularly, the irradiation of the laterally spaced crystalline TiO2 nanotubes, results in the formation of the tight closure over irradiated end, preserving their hollow interior. The shape of the absorbance spectra is modulated along with applied energy, and the new absorption...