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Search results for: pentylene glycol
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Identyfikacja i izolacja genu kodującego zaadaptowaną do zimna β-galaktozydazę Paracoccus sp. = Identification and izolation of the gene encoding cold-active β-galactosidase from paracoccus sp.
PublicationZaprezentowane badania były prowadzone u eehi wyizolowania ze środo¬wiska organizmu psychrofilnego, zdolnego do hydrolizy laktozy w niskiej tempe¬raturze, oraz zidentyfikowania genu kodującego (i-galaktozydazę zaadaptowaną do zimna.Poszukiwan gen został w izolowany z psychrofilnego szczepu autarkicz¬nego Paracoccus sp. 321). Na podstawie sekwencji nukleotydowej genu kodują¬cego fS-galaktozdaze ustalono skład aminokwasów),...
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Waterborne polyesters partially based on renewable resources
PublicationA new experimental approach for preparing biobased, water-soluble polyesters via titanium(IV) n-butoxide-catalyzed bulk polycondensation is presented. In the described method polymers were obtained from isosorbide, maleic anhydride and poly(ethylene glycol). The chemical structure of the synthesized polyesters was confirmed using 2D NMR spectroscopy and by titration methods. Careful analysis of 2D NMR spectra viz. Correlation Spectra...
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The Use of Liquid Crystal Thermography in Selected Technical and Medical Applications—Recent Development
PublicationThermochromic liquid crystals (TLC) and true-colour digital image processing have been successfully used in non-intrusive technical, industrial and biomedical studies and applications. Thin coatings of TLC at surfaces are utilized to obtain detailed temperature distributions and heat transfer rates for steady or transient processes. Liquid crystals also can be used to make the temperature and velocity fields in liquids visible...
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Modification of current-voltage characteristics of planar organic systems by nm-thick interlayer
PublicationEffect of nm-thick interlayer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) or perylene dye (MePTCDI) on current-voltage characteristics of planar organic systems is discussed in the work. The MePTCDI layer strongly limits injection of holes from ITO into CuPc, while CuPc limits injection of electrons from ITO into MePTCDI. In the systems with CuPc/MePTCDI heterojunction an explicit photovoltaic effect occurs.
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Liquefaction of alder wood as the source of renewable and sustainable polyols for preparation of polyurethane resins
PublicationLiquefaction of wood-based biomass gives different polyol properties depending on the reagents used. In this article, alder wood sawdust was liquefied with glycerol and poly(ethylene glycol) solvents. Liquefaction reactions were carried out at temperatures of 120, 150 and 170 °C. The obtained bio-polyols were analyzed in order to establish the process efficiency, hydroxyl number, acid value, viscosity and structural characteristics...
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Bio-Based Polyurethane Networks Derived from Liquefied Sawdust
PublicationThe utilization of forestry waste resources in the production of polyurethane resins is a promising green alternative to the use of unsustainable resources. Liquefaction of wood-based biomass gives polyols with properties depending on the reagents used. In this article, the liquefaction of forestry wastes, including sawdust, in solvents such as glycerol and polyethylene glycol was investigated. The liquefaction process was carried...
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Synthesis and characterization of biopolyols through biomass liquefaction of wood shavings and their application in the preparation of polyurethane wood composites
PublicationThe sustainability of production systems in wood processing, wood industry, and wooden waste disposal is an important issue for European industry and society. Proper development of products based on renewable wood resources gives an opportunity to provide materials with long-term environmental, social, and economic sustainability. This study aims to establish a new way of forestry and agricultural waste materials utilization by...
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Chemical structures, rheological and physical properties of biopolyols prepared via solvothermal liquefaction of Enteromorpha and Zostera marina biomass
PublicationIn this work, liquefied biomass from the Baltic Sea was used for the preparation of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams. The biomass contained 10 wt% of Enteromorpha macroalgae and 90 wt% of Zostera marina seagrass characterized by a high content of cellulose. The influence of time, temperature and the type of solvent on the efficiency of the liquefaction process and properties of biopolyols was determined. Obtained materials were analyzed...
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Synthesis, structure and properties of poly(ester-urethane)s obtained using bio-based and petrochemical1,3-propanediol and 1,4-butanediol
PublicationIn this paper, the poly(ester-urethane)s obtained using petrochemical and bio-based chain extenders were prepared and characterized. The influence of glycols’ origin on the chemical structure, mechanical and thermal properties of the prepared polyurethanes was studied. The materials were synthesised by prepolymer method. The first step involved the reaction of α,ω-dihydroxy(ethylene-butylene adipate (POLIOS 55/20) with 4,4’-diphenylmethane...
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SmallAngle Neutron Scattering Study of the Structure of Mixed Micellar Solutions Based on Nonionic and Two Cationic Surfactants
PublicationThe aggregation in mixed water systems based on nonionic surfactant, i.e., heptaethylene glycol monotetradecyl ether (C14E7), and cationic surfactants, i.e., cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) has been investigated using the smallangle neutron scattering method. The preliminary results of the study of the behavior of C14E7 aqueous solutions (for a concentration of 0.17%) when adding...
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Influence of addition of carbon nanotubes on rheological properties of selected liquid lubricants - a computer simulation study
PublicationThis work is motivated by the improvement of anti-friction properties of lubricants by addition of CNTs proved experimentally in literature. In particular, a methodology is developed to compute the shear viscosity of liquid lubricants (Propylene Glycol) based on Molecular Dynamics simulation. Non-Equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) approach is used with a reactive force field ReaxFF implemented in LAMMPS. The simulations are...
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Experimental research on helical coil biomass boiler with oil as a heating fluid
PublicationThis paper presents an experimental research of helical coil biomass boiler with thermal oil heating agent. Heat exchanger consists of two coaxial helical coils swept by the flue gases. The burner is a single vertical retort connected to the fuel tank (wooden pellets). The boiler is a part of micro-power plant in which the heat from the boiler is exchanged with low-boiling HFE7100 to produce steam for a custom steam turbine. The...
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Teoretyczno-doświadczalne modelowanie konwekcji wymuszonej nanocieczy
PublicationPrzedłożona rozprawa doktorska dotyczy badań eksperymentalnych oraz numerycznych konwekcji wymuszonej nanocieczy. Badane nanociecze wytworzone były z cieczy bazowych takich jak woda demineralizowana i mieszaniny wody z glikolem etylenowym w trzech proporcjach objętościowych 90:10, 80:20 i 60:40. Jako nanocząstki użyto Al2O3, a wytworzone nanociecze miały koncentracje masowe 0,1%, 1% i 5%. Wyznaczono eksperymentalnie dynamiczny...
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PU Polymers, Their Composites, and Nanocomposites: State of the Art and New Challenges
PublicationThe chapter is a review of the polyurethane(PU)-based composites and nanocomposites. The chapter details different components in the manufacturing of PU polymers, composites, and nanocomposites. The different types of glycols, isocyanates, and catalysts that are used for the synthesis of different polyurethanes are discussed. The applications and specialties of polyurethane composites and nanocomposites are also elaborated on.
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Polyurethanes as a carrier of drugs for gentamicin
PublicationGentamicin is one of the most popular drug and is widely used due to its antibiotic properties. 3% of world production of polyurethanes (PU) is dedicated to biomedical applications, where they can serve are parts of orthopedic prosthesis or artificial organs, disposable medical devices, wound and burn dressing, contact lenses among others. In the study, to obtain drug carriers, a combination of these two materials were prepared...
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Investigation of polyurethane elastomer–steel joints using glass lacquer as an adhesive agent
PublicationThis article describes an innovative method of coupling polyurethane elastomer (based on polyurethane glycolysate) with constructional steel, by implementation of a Glaspur®—glass lacquer containing latent polyurethanes and monosilane adhesion promoters. The commonly applied coupling agent is Cilbond® 45SF glue or its derivatives. Additionally, glycolysate was synthesised from polyurethane waste and 1,3-propylene glycol in 6:1...
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Application of Diagnostic Ratios of PAHs to Characterize the Pollution Emission Sources
PublicationThe paper summarizes the potential of application of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to identify their emission sources. Four parent PAHs diagnostic ratios are used for this purpose: anthracene/(anthracene + phenanthrene), fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene), benzo[a]pyrene/(benzo[a]pyrene + chryzene) and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene/(indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene + benzo[g,h,i]perylene). The compounds of each ratio have the...
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Synthesis of isotactic polypropylene- block -polystyrene block copolymers as compatibilizers for isotactic polypropylene/polyphenylene oxide blends
PublicationPoly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) are highly incompatible and consequently their uncompatibilized blends are quite brittle regardless of the molecular weights and ductility of the individual components. Isotactic polypropylene-polystyrene block copolymers, to be applied as compatibilizers for a broad range of PPO/iPP blend compositions, were prepared by mechanism transformation from...
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Renewable Resources for Polyurethanes and Polyurethane Composites: A Review
PublicationEach year, more than two million tons of polyurethane is produced in the EU by reacting isocyanates with polyols made from fossil fuel. In addition, there are appreciable quantities of petroleum based functional additives applied in the industry nowadays for both polyols and polyurethane materials. It is therefore of key importance to develop sustainable economically viable polyols with enhanced functionalities, and thereby reducing...
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Nanocrystalline Polymer Impregnated [Fe(pz)Pt(CN)4] Thin Films Prepared by Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation
PublicationIn this work, the fabrication of [Fe(pz)Pt(CN)4] (pz = pyrazine) thin films by means of matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) was investigated. As starting material, a cryogenically cooled suspension of anocrystalline [Fe(pz)Pt- (CN)4] (0.35wt.-%) in a mixture of 1,1-dichloroethane and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used. Films of a thickness up to 150–200 nm were deposited on Si substrates by laser ablation at λ = 1064...
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Evaluation of solid phase extraction for downstream separation of propane-1,3-diol and butan-1-ol from fermentation broth
PublicationGlycerol is mainly a by-product of fat splitting and biodiesel production. This study examined the use of chemically modified silica gels for downstream separation of propane-1,3-diol and butan-1-ol from fermentation broths obtained through the glycerol fermentation process. The developed method was found to be simple and efficient for the isolation and purification of butan-1-ol from the other components in the fermentation mixture....
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Analytical procedures for the determination of fuel combustion products, anti-corrosive compounds, and de-icing compounds in airport runoff water samples
PublicationThe purpose of this study is to propose and evaluate new procedures for determination of fuel combustion products, anti-corrosive and de-icing compounds in runoff water samples collected from the airports located in different regions and characterized by different levels of the activity expressed by the number of flights and the number of passengers (per year). The most difficult step in the analytical procedure used for the determination...
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Low-power microwave-induced fabrication of functionalised few-layer black phosphorus electrodes: A novel route towards Haemophilus Influenzae pathogen biosensing devices
PublicationIn this paper, various passivation schemes were applied at few-layer black phosphorus (FLBP) to achieve covalent functionalisation with 4-azidobenzoic acid, improving its electrochemical response intended for analytical and biosensing applications. The thermal and microwave assisted modification procedures in toluene and dime-thylformamide resulted in high reversibility of reactions on functionalised FLBP using a ferricyanide/ferrocya-nide...
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Chemical structure, thermal and mechanical characterization of bio-based polyurethane composites filled with microcrystalline cellulose
PublicationOver the past several decades, the interest in replacing the synthetic components used in the production of polymers and composites with their natural counteparts has been growing. Biocomposites belong to the group of materials produced with the use of renewable raw materials. There has been a recent surge of interest in the industrial applications of composites containing natural fibres reinforced with biopolymers. Biopolymers...
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Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Binder Modified with Shear Thickening Fluid
PublicationThis paper aims at using a dilatant or shear thickening fluid (STF) [a non-Newtonian fluid consisting of particles of nano-silica suspended in a liquid medium, i.e., ethylene glycol (EG), which acts as a carrier fluid; proportion 40:60] as additive or modifier of bitumen in order to enhance its viscoelastic properties. A commonly-used performance grading (PG) system, storage stability test, and different conventional and rheological...
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The Influence of Substitution of a Phosphorus-Containing Polyol with the Bio-polyol on the Properties of Bio-based PUR/PIR Foams
PublicationIn this work, effects of incorporating of a phosphorus-containing polyol into rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate foams’ formulations developed with use of two different bio-based polyols, derived from crude glycerol or liquefied cellulose were examined. The bio-polyol derived from crude glycerol was synthesized via two-step process from crude glycerol and castor oil, whereas the bio-polyol derived from liquefied cellulose was...
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Proposal of New Starch-Blends Composition Quickly Degradable in Marine Environment
PublicationThe aim of this paper was to obtain a quickly degradable in seawater polymer blend as an alternative proposal for classical polymer packaging. For preliminary studies: poly(lactic acid) (PLA), starch, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), gelatin and glycerol were chosen. PLA was pointed out due to its biodegradability and comparable properties to polyethylene or polypropylene. Whereas starch was chosen as abundant, renewable and cheap polymer...
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Experimental Investigation of Free Convection Heat Transfer from Horizontal Cylinder to Nanofluids
PublicationThe results of free convection heat transfer investigation from a horizontal, uniformly heated tube immersed in a nanofluid are presented. Experiments were performed with five base fluids, i.e., ethylene glycol (EG), distilled water (W) and the mixtures of EG and water with the ratios of 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 by volume, so the Rayleigh (Ra) number range was 3 104 Ra 1.3 106 and the Prandtl (Pr) number varied from 4.4 to 176....
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The effect of morphology and crystalline structure of Mo/MoO3 layers on photocatalytic degradation of water organic pollutants
PublicationMolybdenum oxide layers were formed by anodization of the Mo metallic foil in a water/ethylene glycol-based electrolyte containing fluoride ions. The as-prepared, amorphous samples were annealed in air at different temperatures in a range from 100 �C to 700 �C. The crystal phase and morphology of anodized and annealed MoO3 layers were investigated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The...
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Emission Profiles of Volatiles during 3D Printing with ABS, ASA, Nylon, and PETG Polymer Filaments
PublicationIn this short communication we characterize the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing using four polymer materials, namely polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), Nylon, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Detailed emission profiles are obtained during thermal degradation of the polymers as a function of temperature...
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Synthesis and characterization of ruthenium and rhenium dyes with phosphonate anchoring groups
PublicationRe(L1)–Re(L3), a series of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl chloride complexes with bpy-R2 derivatives L1–L3 (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, R represents the substitution at the 4- and 4′-positions), and their corresponding trishomoleptic Ru(L1)3–Ru(L3)3 as well as heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complexes Ru(tbbpy)2(L1) and Ru(tbbpy)2(L2) have been synthesized and characterized. Their applicability as immobilizable metal–organic chromophores in solar...
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Comparison of PCBs and PAHs levels in European coastal waters using mussels from the Mytilus edulis complex as biomonitors
PublicationMussels from the Mytilus edulis complex were used as biomonitors for two groups of organic pollutants: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, congeners: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,...
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Environmental impact and industrial development of biorenewable resources for polyurethanes
PublicationPolyurethanes are among the most developed types of polymers. They are produced from the three primary components, i.e., polyols, low-molecular-weight glycols used as chain extenders, and diisocyanates. Until recently, all these substrates have been obtained via petrochemical processes. A decrease in petroleum-based resources and new ecological trends in chemistry, chemical technology, and materials engineering have generated increasing...
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Numerical Study of Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in Pipes
PublicationIn this work, Nusselt number and friction factor are calculated numerically for turbulent pipe flow (Reynolds number between 6000 and 12000) with constant heat flux boundary condition using nanofluids. The nanofluid is modelled with the single-phase approach and the simulation results are compared with experimental data. Ethylene glycol and water, 60:40 EG/W mass ratio, as base fluid and SiO2 nanoparticles are used as nanofluid...
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A New Approach to Chemical Recycling of Polyamide 6.6 and Synthesis of Polyurethanes with Recovered Intermediates
PublicationA new efficient method for the chemical decomposition of polyamide 6.6 by the glycolysis and amino-glycolysis processes was proposed. The glycolysis was conducted using the mass excess of ethylene glycol (EG) as a decomposing agent in the presence of a catalyst. Also, a mixture of EG and triethylenetetramine was used as another decomposing agent in the amino- glycolysis process. The described process of decomposition did not...
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Effect of Temperature and Nanoparticle Concentration on Free Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids
PublicationA theoretical analysis of the influence of temperature and nanoparticle concentration on free convection heat transfer from a horizontal tube immersed in an unbounded nanofluid was presented. The Nusselt (Nu) number and heat transfer coefficient were parameters of the intensity of the convective heat transfer. For free convection, the Nu number was a function of the Rayleigh (Ra) number and Prandtl (Pr) number. The Rayleigh (Ra)...
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Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion
PublicationPhotocatalytic oxidation over suspended solid photocatalysts (e.g., titanium dioxide) has been proposed as a sustainable process for treatment and purification of water and wastewater as well as the process for photoconversion of solar energy to hydrogen, methane, and other low hydrocarbons. Solar radiation could be used to drive heterogeneous electrochemical reactions at the surface of an optically active photocatalyst (e.g.,...
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Development of an asymmetric cellulose acetate-ionic liquid P6,6,6,14[PHOS] gel membrane for the perstraction of succinic acid from a model fermentation solution of yarrovia lipolytica
PublicationThis study introduces a novel approach to separate succinic acid (SA) from fermentation mixtures using an asymmetric membrane based on the gelation of the ionic liquid [P6,6,6,14][PHOS] coated with two layers of cellulose acetate. The membrane was designed to explore the synergistic effect of polymer-ionic liquid interfaces according to the solution-diffusion theory. The gelation of the ionic liquid was achieved using 12-hydroxystearic...
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Free Convection Heat Transfer from Horizontal Cylinders
PublicationThe results of experimental investigation of free convection heat transfer in a rectangular container are presented. The ability of the commonly accepted correlation equations to reproduce present experimental data was tested as well. It was assumed that the examined geometry fulfils the requirement of no-interaction between heated cylinder and bounded surfaces. In order to check this assumption recently published correlation equations...
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Turbulence model evaluation for numerical modelling of turbulent flow and heat transfer of nanofluids
PublicationIn this work, Nusselt number and friction factor are calculated numerically for turbulent pipe flow (Reynolds number between 6000 and 12000) with constant heat flux boundary condition using nanofluids. The nanofluid is modelled with the single-phase approach and the simulation results are compared with experimental data. Ethylene glycol and water, 60:40 EG/W mass ratio, as base fluid and SiO2 nanoparticles are used as nanofluid...
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Determination of SCFAs in water using GC-FID. Selection of the separation system
PublicationIn the present study, an analytical procedure was developed for the determination of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in landfill leachate and municipal wastewater employing injection of aqueous samples to gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Chromatographic conditions such as a separation system, injection volume, oven temperature program were investigated and selected. With two columns, one with a polar (polyethylene...
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Cancer-selective, single agent chemoradiosensitising gold nanoparticles
PublicationTwo nanometre gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), bearing sugar moieties and/or thiol-polyethylene glycol-amine (PEG-amine), were synthesised and evaluated for their in vitro toxicity and ability to radiosensitise cells with 220 kV and 6 MV X-rays, using four cell lines representing normal and cancerous skin and breast tissues. Acute 3 h exposure of cells to AuNPs, bearing PEG-amine only or a 50:50 ratio of alpha-galactose derivative and...
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Numerical study of turbulent flow and heat transfer of nanofluids in pipes
PublicationIn this work, Nusselt number and friction factor are calculated numerically for turbulent pipe flow (6 000 < Re < 12 000) with constant heat flux boundary condition using nanofluids. The nanofluid is modelled with the single-phase approach and the simulation results are compared with experimental data of Vajjha et al. [1]. Ethylene glycol and water, 60:40 EG/W mass ratio, as base fluid and SiO2 nanoparticles are used as nanofluid...
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Nowe monomery pochodzenia roślinnego w syntezie termoplastycznych elastomerów poliuretanowych
PublicationJak dotychczas w syntezie termoplastycznych elastomerów poliuretanowych (TPU) są powszechnie wykorzystywane surowce pochodzenia petrochemicznego. Sytuacja jednak zmienia się dynamicznie i w wielu gospodarkach świata widoczne są już trendy, polegające na coraz większym wykorzystaniu substancji pochodzenia roślinnego w produkcji surowców, np. glikoli, izocyjanianów czy polioli, jako zamienników analogów syntetycznych. Praca obejmuje...
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Badanie NMR oligo(alkileno-estro-etero)dioli - monomerów do syntezy elastomerów uretanowych
PublicationCelem pracy było ustalenie rozkładu merów w zsyntezowanych oligo(alkileno-estro-etero)diolach. Ich budowę scharakteryzowano na podstawie danych z analizy widm ^1H NMR, których interpretacji dokonano wykorzystując widma COSY. Z wartości integracji odpowiednich sygnałów ustalono średnią długość cząsteczki polimeru i stopień przereagowania substratów reakcji. Bardziej szczegółowe informacje o strukturze, w tym o rozkładzie różnych...
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Effect of sisal fiber filler on thermal properties of bio-based polyurethane composites
PublicationThis work is mainly focused on study of thermal and thermomechanical properties of obtained bio-based polyurethane (coded as bio-PU) composites via using different types of bio-components (bio-glycol, modified soybean oil and sisal fiber) in the procedure. The chemical structure, morphology and mechanical properties were also investigated and described in this manuscript in order to know more perfect characterization of produced...
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Absorptive Desulfurization of Model Biogas Stream Using Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents
PublicationThe paper presents a synthesis of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor and phenol (Ph), glycol ethylene (EG), and levulinic acid (Lev) as hydrogen bond donors in 1:2 molar ratio. DESs were successfully used as absorption solvents for removal of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) from model biogas steam. Several parameters affecting the absorption capacity and absorption rate have been...
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Konzetrationslöschung durch Energieübertragung bei der Lumineszenz von Lösungen
PublicationThe absorption spectra and quantum yields of the fluorescence of rhodamine 6 G are investigated in two different water-glycerol mixtures as a function of the rhodamine concentration. The observed concentration quenching is attributed to the formation of rhodamine dimers and the decrease in quantum yield is compared with theoretical concepts about concentration quenching by energy transfer to the dimers.
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Monolithic capsule phase microextraction prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in environmental water samples
PublicationIn this study, a capsule phase microextraction (CPME) protocol followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is proposed for the accurate and sensitive monitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in environmental water samples. Different monolithic sol–gel encapsulated sorbents were compared and monolithic sol–gel poly(ethylene glycol)-based sorbent incorporated into porous microextraction capsules resulted in the highest...
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Synteza, struktura chemiczna i właściwości bezizocyjanianowych poliuretanów otrzymywanych z wykorzystaniem CO2 oraz surowców pochodzenia naturalnego.
PublicationZ uwagi na wciąż rosnącą świadomość proekologiczną, politykę zrównoważonego rozwoju, a także nurt zielonej chemii wiodącym trendem w przemyśle tworzyw sztucznych jest poszukiwanie alternatywnych metod otrzymywania materiałów polimerowych. Komercyjnie poliuretany otrzymywane są w wyniku reakcji poliaddycji di- lub poliizocyjanianów z poliolami i małocząsteczkowymi przedłużaczami łańcucha. Z uwagi na niekorzystne właściwości diizocyjanianów,...