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Search results for: PRZYCZÓŁEK MOSTOWY
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Przechwytywanie wartości w modelu biznesu sieci przedsiębiorstw - osnowa teoretyczna i przypadki praktyczne
PublicationPodejmując prace nad zagadnieniem przechwytywania wartości w modelach biznesów sieci przedsiębiorstw Autorzy sformułowali dwa cele. Pierwszy nakierowany był na sformułowanie osnowy teoretycznej przechwytywania wartości przez sieć przedsiębiorstw. Drugi obejmował przedstawienie przypadków praktycznych przechwytywania wartości. Dążąc do osiągnięcia pierwszego celu sformułowano definicję sieci przedsiębiorstw przyjmując, że sieć przedsiębiorstw...
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Urban dew formation efficiency and chemistry in Poland
PublicationThe measurements of dew formation efficiency and chemistry were performed in Poland in September 2009, as a part of a longer, two-year sampling campaign. Pairs of sites, representing centers of major Polish cities and rural conditions in three different regions, were compared. With the aim to get more detailed landuse-oriented characteristics of dew, two additional sites were set close to Wroclaw. Collection of dew at each site...
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W stronę postliberalizmu. Filozofia społeczna i polityczna Johna Milbanka
PublicationCelem rozprawy jest krytyczna analiza programu postliberalnego anglikańskiego teologa Johna Milbanka. Jego twórczość nie tylko wpisuje się w nurt teologii postliberalnej, która przyjmuje kulturowo-językową interpretację religii, uwydatniając pierwotność narracji w poznaniu, lecz także stanowi istotny wkład w postliberalną filozofię polityczną, który porzuca charakterystyczny dla liberalizmu indywidualizm, uniwersalizm i racjonalizm,...
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Greencoin – educational information system for ecoinclusion and empowering urban adaptability.
PublicationThe SARS-CoV19 pandemic exposed a broad spectrum of challenges for modern cities, societies and the environment at large. The post-Covid transformation requires new social, ecological and educational solutions, adjusted to modern challenges, but also equipped with technological advances that allow for digital inclusion and sustainable urban development to benefit the local economy and society. Many information systems designed...
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Zarządzanie projektami w podejściu zwinnym
PublicationW opracowaniu opisane zostały wzorce postępowania stosowane w przypadku realizacji przedsięwzięć dużych i złożonych, takie jak Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe), Large-Scale Scrum (LeSS) czy Nexus, spośród których najbardziej popularne jest to pierwsze podejście. Każda z tych metodyk zawiera wskazówki i wytyczne dotyczące tego, w jaki sposób koordynować prace wielu Zespołów Scrum. Wprowadzają one wydarzenia oraz role niezbędne w bardziej...
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Modeling and simulation of blood flow under the influence of radioactive materials having slip with MHD and nonlinear mixed convection
PublicationRadioactive materials are widely in industry, nuclear plants and medical treatments. Scientists and workers in these fields are mostly exposed to such materials, and adverse effects on blood and temperature profiles are observed. In this regard, objective of the current study is to model and simulate blood based nanofluid with three very important radioactive materials, named as Uranium dioxide (UO2), Thorium dioxide (ThO2) and...
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Facet effect of TiO2 nanostructures from TiOF2 and their photocatalytic activity
PublicationIn this study, special attention is focused on the design of TiO2 morphology and microstructure in the two-step preparation procedure using TiOF2 as a precursor to study their photodegradation mineralization efficiency. Firstly, TiOF2 was synthesized by a simple solvothermal method using titanium(IV) tetrafluoride, which was further used as a precursor in preparation of anatase 2D nanosheets, octahedral, decahedral, and rectangular prisms...
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The New Test Procedure for Group-Type Composition of Base Oils of Lubricating Oils, Especially Emitted into the Environment
PublicationMineral base oil, a product of multistep fine refining of the relevant fractions from vacuum distillation of crude oil, is a main component of so-called mineral lubricating oils containing aliphatic and alicyclic substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e., derivatives of benzene and biphenyl. Mineral lubricating oil is composed mostly of mineral base oil and a low amount of enriching additives, most often products of advanced organic...
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Seasonal and spatial differences in metal and metalloid concentrations in the snow cover of Hansbreen, Svalbard
PublicationMetals and metalloids in snow on glaciers, depending on the season of deposition, may come from various sources: local rock dust (erosion of the geological substratum), marine aerosol, local human activity (e.g. fuel combustion, waste incineration) and long-range atmospheric transport. Hansbreen glacier, located close to the Polish Polar Station in Svalbard, is a perfect site to study metals and metalloids: it has complex geological...
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Ontological Modeling for Contextual Data Describing Signals Obtained from Electrodermal Activity for Emotion Recognition and Analysis
PublicationMost of the research in the field of emotion recognition is based on datasets that contain data obtained during affective computing experiments. However, each dataset is described by different metadata, stored in various structures and formats. This research can be counted among those whose aim is to provide a structural and semantic pattern for affective computing datasets, which is an important step to solve the problem of data...
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Zewnętrzna stolarka drzwiowa Gdańska-Wrzeszcza na przełomie XIX i XX wieku
PublicationDzielnica Gdańska Wrzeszcz ukształtowała się na przełomie XIX i XX w. Liczba mieszkańców Wrzeszcza wzrosła z około 2500 w 1884 r. do około 35 000 w 1914 r. W tym czasie powstało kilkaset jednorodzinnych i wielorodzinnych budynków mieszkalnych oraz najważniejsze obiekty użyteczności publicznej, jak zespół Politechniki, szkoły, szpitale i kościoły. Wrzeszcz – w odróżnieniu od śródmieścia Gdańska – w niewielkim tylko stopniu ucierpiał...
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Job-related emotions and job burnout among civil servants: examining the shape of the relationship in cross-sectional and longitudinal models
PublicationWstęp: Związek pozytywności, czyli proporcji między pozytywnymi a negatywnymi emocjami, z wypaleniem zawodowym może przybierać kształt krzywoliniowy. Ponadto z perspektywy teoretycznej jest to relacja przyczynowo - skutkowa, w której pozytywność jest proksymalnym, a wypalenie – dystalnym wymiarem dobrostanu zawodowego. Dotychczasowe badania były jednak prowadzone najczęściej w planie poprzecznym i testowały relacje prostoliniowe....
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Zasady prowadzenia napraw kolejowych konstrukcji żelbetowych uszkodzonych wskutek korozji chlorkowej i karbonatyzacji zgodnie z norm PN-EN 1504
PublicationUwzględnienie możliwości wystąpienia procesów korozyjnych, czy to na etapie budowy nowych obiektów, czy na etapie remontu konstrukcji już istniejących, jest bardzo istotną kwestią. Ma ona niekiedy decydujący wpływ na powodzenie całej inwestycji oraz na utrzymanie jak najdłuższego czasu eksploatacji samej konstrukcji. Stosowanie innych niż standardowe metod zabezpieczenia stali zbrojeniowej w konstrukcjach żelbetowych kolejowych,...
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BADANIA ODBIOROWE OBIEKTU GRUNTOWO-POWŁOKOWEGO REKORDOWEJ ROZPIĘTOŚCI
PublicationMosty o konstrukcji gruntowo-powłokowej są atrakcyjne nie tylko ze względu na zalety technologiczne i niskie nakłady finansowe, ale także specyficzne walory architektoniczne. Wpływa na fakt, że obiekty tego typu są stosowane coraz częściej, zwłaszcza przy budowie dróg ekspresowych i autostrad. Wiadukt tego typu został również wzniesiony, między innymi, w ciągu drogi krajowej nr 16 Grudziądz – Olsztyn na obwodnicy Ostródy. Charakteryzuje...
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Molecular dynamics study on the role of solvation water in the adsorption of hyperactive AFP to the ice surface
PublicationUsing computer simulations, the early stages of the adsorption of the CfAFP molecule to the ice surface were analyzed. We found that the ice and the protein interact at least as early as when the protein is about 1 nm away from the ice surface. These interactions are mediated by interfacial solvation water and are possible thanks to the structural ordering of the solvent. This ordering leads to positional preference of the protein...
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Mercury concentration and the absolute and relative sizes of the internal organs in cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo (L. 1758) from the breeding colony by the Vistula Lagoon (Poland)
PublicationThis work analyses the effect of mercury on the condition of cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from an extensive breeding colony in northern Poland, the largest in Europe. A total of 55 birds (44 adults and 11 immature) were obtained. Total mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured in the liver, kidneys, breast muscles, heart, gullet (oesophagus), stomach, intestines, trachea, lungs and eyeballs. The total body mass (TBM) and empty...
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Improved degradation of etodolac in the presence of core-shell ZnFe2O4/SiO2/TiO2 magnetic photocatalyst
PublicationIn the present study, susceptibility to photocatalytic degradation of etodolac, 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9 – tetrahydro pyran - [3,4-b] indole-1-acetic acid, which is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently detected in an aqueous environment, was for the first time investigated. The obtained p-type TiO2-based photocatalyst coupled with zinc ferrite nanoparticles in a core-shell structure improves the separation and recovery...
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Types of Markov Fields and Tilings
PublicationThe method of types is one of the most popular techniques in information theory and combinatorics. However, thus far the method has been mostly applied to one-dimensional Markov processes, and it has not been thoroughly studied for general Markov fields. Markov fields over a finite alphabet of size m ≥ 2 can be viewed as models for multi-dimensional systems with local interactions. The locality of these interactions is represented...
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A systematic retrieval of international competitiveness literature: a bibliometric study
PublicationOver the last three decades there has been growing interest in international competitiveness research. However, as evidenced by the academic literature, there is a lack of systematic chronological studies synthesizing how this field has evolved over time. The main aim of this paper is to consolidate the state of the art of academic research on international competitiveness in the discipline of economics by using a new method: a...
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Human poverty - measuring relative deprivation from basic achievements: a comparative study for 144 countries over the period 1990-2010
PublicationPoverty – differently defined and measured – still remains one the crucial parts of the world development debate. It`s broadly perceived as multidimensional phenomenon which deprives people from basic capabilities and freedoms, limits their opportunity to educate and fully participate in the labor market contributing to overall country`s socioeconomic performance. Referring to seminal works of Sen and many others(see e.g. Morris...
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Essential Oils, Silver Nanoparticles and Propolis as Alternative Agents Against Fluconazole Resistant Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida krusei Clinical Isolates
PublicationDevelopment of effective and safe therapeutic treatment of fungal infections remains one of the major challenge for modern medicine. The aim of presented investigation was to analyze the in vitro antifungal activity of selected essential oils, ethanolic extracts of propolis and silver nanoparticles dropped on TiO2 against azole-resistant C. albicans (n = 20), C. glabrata (n = 14) and C. krusei (n = 10) clinical isolates. Among...
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Investigation of environmental influences to the precise GNNS solutions
PublicationThe results presented in this paper concern investigation of environmental influences to GNNS coordinates on the example of ASG-EUPOS network. The problem of the impact of environmental effects is crucial for observing gravity. Satellite systems are not as susceptible to changes in local hydrology or atmospheric effects, although significant influences are clearly visible in the change of coordinates. The authors analyzed daily...
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Płeć a motywacje przedsiębiorcze oraz podejmowane przez mikroprzedsiębiorców decyzje zarządcze
PublicationWiększość doniesień literaturowych z badań nad wpływem płci na funkcjonowanie przedsiębiorstw wskazuje na gorsze wyniki kobiet w tym obszarze, zarówno pod względem liczby kobiet w biznesie, jak i osiągnięć firm prowadzonych przez kobiety. Badania te jednak często nie uwzględniają różnic w wielkości początkowej firm, nie biorą także pod uwagę celów i planów ich właścicieli. W wielu wypadkach te ostatnie nie są znane, bowiem analiza...
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Genetic Background and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of K. pneumoniae NDM-1 Strains Isolated from UTI, ABU, and the GI Tract, from One Hospital in Poland, in Relation to Strains Nationally and Worldwide
PublicationIn recent years, there has been an observed increase in infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (Kp) strains. The aim of this study was the phenotypic and genotypic analysis of eight K. pneumoniae NDM (Kp NDM) isolates, recovered in Poland during the years 2016 and 2018 from seven patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs), asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU), or colonization of the gut. PCR melting profile...
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Identification of defected sensors in an array of amperometric gas sensors
PublicationPurpose Amperometric gas sensors are commonly used in air quality monitoring in long-term measurements. Baseline shift of sensor responses and power failure may occur over time, which is an obstacle for reliable operation of the entire system. The purpose of this study is to check the possibility of using PCA method to detect defected samples, identify faulty sensor and correct the responses of the sensor identified as faulty. Design/methodology/approach In...
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MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF A FLOOD WAVE PROPAGATION ON THE KACZA RIVER IN GDYNIA IN NORTHERN POLAND
PublicationKacza river is located in northern Poland in the neighborhood of the Gulf of Gdansk and the Baltic Sea. A Kacza having length of 15 km and catchment area of 53 km2 collects the water into the Gulf mostly from inhabited and forested areas within the administrative boundaries of the city of Gdynia. On the 14th and 15th of July 2016 in northern Poland on the large area of Tri-City agglomeration (Gdynia, Gdansk and Sopot) total daily...
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Technologie recyklingu zużytych i odpadowych modułów fotowoltaicznych I i II generacji
PublicationW związku z rosnącą produkcją modułów fotowoltaicznych i faktem, że czas życia pierwszych montowanych modułów dobiega końca w najbliższej przyszłości na wysypiskach będą zalegać duże ilości zużytych modułów fotowoltaicznych. Odzysk metali z uszkodzonych i zużytych modułów pozwoliłby na obniżenie kosztu produkcji ogniw, oraz na ograniczenie zużycia surowców. I generacja obejmuje moduły wykonane z mono- i polikrystalicznego krzemu,...
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The Simulation of Activated Sludge System for Optimization of Predictive Aeration at Large WWTP
PublicationEffective use of biodegradable substrates as an internal carbon sources (ICS) for denitrification and EBPR and predicting performance of aeration systems during nitrification in activated sludge bioreactors, may be useful in realization the sustainable development by potentially saving energy consumption at WWTPs. A large number of WWTPs use activated sludge systems with an integrated removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus...
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Evaluating the impact of ZnO doping on electrical and thermal properties of calcium-aluminosilicate oxynitride glass-ceramics
PublicationThis study aimed to investigate the impact of ZnO content on the structure, thermal, and electrical properties of oxynitride glass-ceramic(s) within the Ca–Al–Si–O–N (CASON) system. The base glass had the composition of Ca7Al14Si17O52N7, with ZnO additions ranging from 3 to 15 % by weight. A pristine Ca7Al14Si17O52N7 glass was successfully prepared by melt-quenching technique followed by converted into glass-ceramic by incorporating various...
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Long-term mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation for aortic stenosis in immunosuppression-treated patients: a propensity-matched multicentre retrospective registry-based analysis
PublicationIntroduction Data regarding patients with a previous medical record of immunosuppression treatment who have undergone transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are limited and extremely inconclusive. Available studies are mostly short term observations; thus there is a lack of evidence on efficacy and safety of TAVI in this specific group of patients. Aim To compare the in-hospital and long-term outcomes between patients...
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Effects of preheating on laser beam–welded NSSC 2120 lean duplex steel
PublicationDuplex stainless steels show sustainable alternative for the conventional austenitic grades, with higher strength, higher resistance against stress corrosion cracking, and lower purchase cost. Thus, duplex stainless steel gains more attention in construction, oil and gas, and chemical industries. Among duplex stainless steels, low nickel and low molybdenum alloyed lean duplex stainless steel are a cost-efective substitution of...
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Experimental study of flow boiling pressure drop and heat transfer of R1233zd(E) at moderate and high saturation temperatures
PublicationThe paper presents the results of experimental study of flow boiling of R1233zd(E) in minichannel at moderate and high saturation temperatures. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were measured for flow boiling in a stainless steel tube with 2 mm inside diameter and a length of 300 mm. Experiment has been conducted for saturation temperatures ranging from 83 to 145 °C which corresponds to values of reduced pressures...
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The Effect of Laser Re-Solidification on Microstructure and Photo-Electrochemical Properties of Fe-Decorated TiO2 Nanotubes
PublicationFossil fuels became increasingly unpleasant energy source due to their negative impact on the environment; thus, attractiveness of renewable, and especially solar energy, is growing worldwide. Among others, the research is focused on smart combination of simple compounds towards formation of the photoactive materials. Following that, our work concerns the optimized manipulation of laser light coupled with the iron sputtering to...
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Urzeczywistnianie treści w obiekcie architektonicznym
Publicationdbając o prawidłowy, czyli pełny i zgodny z zamierzeniami twórcy, przekaz treści, trzeba właściwie zdefiniować odbiorcę/ użytkownika obiektu. Warto dobrze zrozumieć, jaką może przyjąć on postawę i jaką rolę odgrywa jego świadomość w kontekście odbioru przekazywanej treści. Nie bez znaczenia pozostają również motywy odbiorcy i wszelkie aspekty wynikające z jego indywidualizmu. Architekt, dbając o warunki odbioru obiektu architektonicznego,...
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Modelowanie propagacji fal sprężystych w węzłach spawanych konstrukcji stalowych
PublicationCelem pracy było wykonanie numerycznych modeli spawanych węzłów konstrukcji stalowych poddanych krótkotrwałym sinusoidalnym wzbudzeniom o wysokich częstotliwościach rzędu 100-200 kHz, symulujących propagację fal sprężystych w ciałach stałych oraz opracowanie wskaźnika pozwalającego na ocenę ewentualnych uszkodzeń występujących w węźle konstrukcji. Model numeryczny opracowano przy użyciu metody elementów skończonych. Jako przykład...
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Wystawa zbiorowa: Hommage à Profesor Kazimierz Ostrowski. Pamięć obrazów.
PublicationImpulsem do stworzenia wystawy, było przekazanie Uczelni przez córkę Profesora Kazimierza Ostrowskiego, Panią Honoratę Pilszyk, podobrazi, jakie pozostawił po sobie Mistrz. Były to płótna zagruntowane przez Artystę osobiście, gotowe do dalszej pracy, niektóre z ledwo zaczętym szkicem lub próbą pozostawionego koloru. Gdy zobaczyłem je w pracowni w Gdyni (a było to w 2015 roku), pomyślałem, że te podkłady mogłyby stać się inspiracją...
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Architects and urban planners in the face of energy transition - smart cities energy aspects in shaping building structures and cities
PublicationContemporary architects and urban planners are facing steadily increasing challenges. The growing problems around environmental issues, shrinking natural resources and climate action are just some of them. Currently, planning should also include balancing with all the aspects of sustainable development such as not only the environmental issues, but also social and economic ones. How to meet them in the era of energy transition...
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Treated wasetewater as a source of humic substances in surface waters
PublicationHumic substances impose substantial effect on the aquatic environment as well as the water organisms and human health. Among other features, the humic acids determine organoleptic properties of surface waters. Therefore explanation of the origin and properties of humic acids in surface waters is one of the priorities of water technology.Recently it was pointed out that in the wastewater treatment process organic compounds characterized...
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A mobile hospital – its advantages and functional limitations
PublicationThe idea of a mobile hospital is not entirely new – the need for their use, ranging from military field hospitals to the charity or mass disaster tent cities, shows how much they are needed. While these cases can be reduced to a portable ambulatory unit with a limited scope of outpatient medical activities, a fully functional hospital is a system with a high degree of complexity far exceeding a regime of compact objects. Solutions...
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B-GALACTOSIDASE ARTHROBACTER SP. 32cB - OBTAINING THE GENE SEQUENCE, CONSTRUCTION OF THE EXPRESSION SYSTEM, BIOSYNTHESIS AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENZYME
PublicationINTRODUCTION: β-Galactosidase is an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of O glycosidic bond in β-galactosides. Another activity of β galactosidase is a transglycosylation activity. The main industrial use of this protein is the hydrolysis of lactose in milk in a cooling conditions. Synthesis of galactooligosaccharides, which are mostly used as a prebiotics added to some foods or available as dietary supplements, is only one...
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FACES OF MODERNISM - URBAN PLANNING OF SOCIAL HOUSING ESTATES IN GDANSK AND HAMBURG-ALTONA
PublicationThe paper aims to compare the modernistic social housing estates built during the interwar period in the Free City of Gdansk and in Altona, the small neighbour of Hamburg. The comparison is based on the analysis of the factors, which significantly affected the decisions regarding spatial transformations and the development of both cities in that time. These factors include primarily: poor living conditions, resulting from the explosive...
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Fabrication of polyurethane and polyurethane based composite fibers by the electrospinning technique for soft tissue engineering of cardiovascular system
PublicationElectrospinning is the unique technique, which provides forming of polymeric scaffolds for soft tissue engineering, which include tissue scaffolds for soft tissues of cardiovascular system. Such artificial soft tissues of cardiovascular system may possess mechanical properties comparable to native vascular tissues. Electrospinning technique gives the opportu nity to form fibres with nm- to μm-scale in diameter. The arrangement...
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SMART SHOP SERVICES FOR BUILDING CUSTOMER-ORIENTED SCENARIOS
PublicationThe shops of today mostly support the customer by offering him or her products based on basic relationships between products viewed or ordered by users with similar tastes. This common approach may fail in many cases especially when the user does not have sufficient knowledge about the market, or when he or she wants to build a set of products in more than one shop. New categories of smart shop services are proposed in order to...
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Spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals in conventional wastewater treatment plant with Sludge Treatment Reed Beds technology
PublicationPharmaceutical residues are an emerging environmental problem. It is strongly confirmed that pharmaceuticals are present in soils and environmental waters (surface, marine and even groundwater), and that wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are the main source of pharmaceuticals in the watershed. The aim of this studywas to recognize the spatial distribution and seasonal changes of selected pharmaceuticals in conventional WWTP...
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Sub-national structures matter when evaluating physical activity promotion: Lessons from Germany
PublicationBackground Public policies are increasingly acknowledged as important part of promoting physical activity (PA). However, especially in states with sub-national administrative structures such as Germany, national and sub-national approaches differ considerably. In Germany, sport for all (SfA) promotion is mostly organized at sub-national level, which is usually not covered in national evaluations. Knowledge of these structures helps...
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Wiadukt łukowy w Białymstoku
PublicationReferat prezentuje oddany do użytkowania w czerwcu 2011 wiadukt drogowy ,,Łuk Białostocki”. Konstrukcja ta z uwagi na lokalizację dźwigara łukowego względem osi pomostu – po przekątnej, jest w Polsce w swojej skali obiektem prototypowym. Ustrój nośny obiektu stanowi stalowy bezprzegubowy dźwigar łukowy, usytuowany w rzucie z góry po krótszej przekątnej konstrukcji, z podwieszonym za pomocą cięgien pomostem zespolonym. Rozpiętość...
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Importance of sign conventions on analytical solutions to the wave-induced cyclic response of a poro-elastic seabed
PublicationThis paper discusses the influence of different sign conventions for strains and stresses, i.e. the solid mechanics sign convention and the soil mechanics sign convention, on the form of governing partial differential equations (the static equilibrium equations and the continuity equation) used to describe the wave-induced cyclic response of a poro-elastic seabed due to propagation of a sinusoidal surface water-wave. Some selected...
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Ozone nanobubble technology as a novel AOPs for pollutants degradation under high salinity conditions
PublicationConventional water treatment systems frequently exhibit diminished efficiency at high salinity - a significant issue especially for real industrial effluents - mostly due to the creation of intricate structures between pollutants and salts. One of the primary obstacles associated with high salinity conditions is the generation of by-products that pose additional hurdles for treatment. In this work, we have investigated the novel...
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Organic pollutants photodegradation increment with use of TiO2 nanotubes decorated with transition metals after pulsed laser treatment
PublicationAmong various titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2, titania) structures, 1D nanotubes (TiO2 NTs) produced during the two-electrode anodization process, are extensively utilized in sensors or supercapacitors as well as in photo(electro)catalytic water splitting. However, due to wide bandgap and fast electron-hole recombination additional modifications, mostly concerned on materials surface, are required. According to the recent research, TiO2...
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Assessing and Mitigating Ice-Jam Flood Hazards and Risks: A European Perspective
PublicationThe assessment and mapping of riverine flood hazards and risks is recognized by many countries as an important tool for characterizing floods and developing flood management plans. Often, however, these management plans give attention primarily to open-water floods, with ice-jam floods being mostly an afterthought once these plans have been drafted. In some Nordic regions, ice-jam floods can be more severe than open-water floods,...