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Surprising Radiolytic Stability of 8‑Thiomethyladenine in an Aqueous Solution
Publication8-Thiomethyladenine (ASCH3), a potentially radiosensitizing modified nucleobase, has been synthesized in a reaction between 8-thioadenine and methyl iodide. Despite favorable dissociative electron attachment (DEA) characteristics, the radiolysis of an aqueous solution of ASCH3 with a dose of X-ray amounting to as much as 300 Gy leads to no effects. Nevertheless, crossed electron-molecule beam experiments in the gas phase on ASCH3...
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Don't forget the dark side of green transformation
PublicationDesign/methodology/approach – The study is a continuation of the research by Durst and Zieba (2019) related to knowledge risks and their potential outcomes. This present study makes an update on the literature on knowledge risks and green transformation and describes knowledge risks that can be faced in this process. Originality/value – The paper offers new insights for researchers dealing with the topic of knowledge risks in...
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Effect of crystallinity on structural, thermal, and in vitro dissolution properties of Na2O-CaO-Nb2O5/MgO-P2O5 glass-ceramics
PublicationThe impact of the crystallinity on structural, thermal, and in vitro dissolution properties were examined for Na2O- CaO-Nb2O5/MgO-P2O5 glasses/glass-ceramics. Glass-ceramics were synthesized via a spontaneous crystallization process. The Nb content in the materials increased with melting temperature, furthermore, the crystallinity is proportional to the Nb content. The presence of crystalline niobates and phosphates is confirmed...
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Offshoring and outsourcing in Visegrad countries, Advantages and disadvantages.
PublicationOutsourcing and offshoring are getting more and more popular in the “new EU” coun-tries. They constitute very attractive venues for more developed EU countries to outsource or offshore their business activities. Authors of the article have investigated the advantages and disadvantages of locating outsourcing activities in each of the Visegrad (V4) countries. The authors have studied macroeconomic factors based on the reports of...
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Visualization of a lifeboat motion during lowering along ship’s side
PublicationThis paper presents description of a computer program for motion visualization of a lifeboat lowered along ship’s side. The program is a post-processor which reads results of numerical calculations of simulated objects’ motions. The data is used to create scene composed of 3D surfaces to visualize mutual spatial positions of a lifeboat, ship’s side and water waving surface. Since the numerical data contain description of a simulation...
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Support Product Development Framework by Means of Set of Experience Knowledge Structure (SOEKS) and Decisional DNA
PublicationIn this paper, we propose a framework to support product development activi-ties by utilizing Set of Experience Knowledge Structure (SOEKS) and Decisional DNA (DDNA). This idea will provide a new direction to researchers working on product development, especially designers and manufacturers. They will be working on the same platform and this will be reducing their communication gap. Once the final idea is perceived about product...
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Non-metaldoped TiO2 nanotube arrays for high efficiency photocatalytic decomposition of organic species in water
PublicationTitanium dioxide is a well-known photoactive semiconductor with a variety of possible applications. The procedure of pollutant degradation is mainly performed using TiO2 powder suspension. It can also be exploited an immobilized catalyst on a solid support. Morphology and chemical doping have a great influence on TiO2 activity under illumination. Here we compare photoactivity of titania nanotube arrays doped with non-metal atoms:...
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The Application of Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (DEIS) Technique in Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibition Studies
Publicationorrosion studies have attracted considerable interest in the areas of materials chemistry and industrial chemistry, as it affects the direct and indirect costs of industry, leading to huge economic setbacks due to the need for repair, maintenance, and even shutdowns due corrosion damage. This new volume is a comprehensive resource that presents new and up-to-date, theoretical, and experimental corrosion inhibition studies.
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Computational fluid dynamics - lustres and shadows.
PublicationThe paper is devoted to the different aspects of CFD. The advantages of this concept are evident and obvious; powerfuk and effective tools bring this technology closer to the quantifiable world. However, certain weaknesses in this structure are apparent. Sometimes, a simplistic tendency towards simplifications and facilitations may degenerate and lead to negative behaviours and signs. These have not been serious up to date, but...
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Analiza podatności na rozkład biologiczny odcieków składowiskowych oczyszczanych w wielostopniowym systemie hydrofitowym
PublicationW skład materii organicznej ścieków, i odcieków ze składowisk odpadów wchodzą z różnorodne związki organiczne, które charakteryzują się różną podatnością na rozkład biologiczny. Charakterystykę ilościową umożliwia oznaczanie tzw. frakcji ChZT. Rozróżnia się 4 frakcje: frakcję rozpuszczoną rozkładalną na drodze biologicznej (SS), frakcję zawiesinową rozkładalną na drodze biologicznej (XS), frakcję rozpuszczoną nierozkładalną biologicznie...
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Wykonywanie praw podmiotów danych z Rozdziału III RODO przez dzieci. Granice samodzielności dzieci jako osób, których dane dotyczą
PublicationPrawa, o których mowa w rozdziale III RODO umożliwiają osobom fizycznym doraźną kontrolę nad celami i sposobem wykorzystywania danych osobowych przez administratorów. W świetle rozporządzenia szczególną pozycję mają dzieci, które kwalifikuje się jako podmioty danych podatne na zagrożenia związane z przetwarzaniem danych. Wraz rozwojem zdolności poznawczych dziecka, zmienia się jego rola w zarządzaniu swoimi danymi osobowych....
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Fecal indicators resistance to antimicrobial agents present in municipal wastewater
PublicationIn this study removal rate of six antimicrobial compounds (belonging to folate pathway inhibitors and macrolides class) was analyzed in processes of local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) together with susceptibility patterns of erythromycin (E) resistant Enterococcus spp. and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) resistant Escherichia coli. According to the obtained data, six of tested antimicrobial agents, namely erythromycin,...
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Morfologia, w³aoeciwooeci mechaniczne i termiczne elastycznych pianek poliuretanowych modyfikowanych glinokrzemianami warstwowymi
PublicationWytwarzane z udzia³em poligliceryny elastyczne pianki poliuretanowe modyfikowano za pomoc¹ montmorylonitu sodowego (bentonitu, MMT), mieszaniny bentonitu i bezhalogenowego fosforoorganicznego zwi¹zku zmniejszaj¹cego palnooeæ (Fyrol PNX) oraz, stanowi¹cego nape³niacz hybrydowy, bentonitu modyfikowanego wykorzystywanym uniepalniaczem. Badano mikrostrukturê, w³aoeciwooeci mechaniczne i termiczne modyfikowanych pianek poliuretanowych....
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Effect of isovalent substitution on microstructure and phase transition of LaNb1−xMxO4 (M=Sb, V or Ta; x=0.05–0.3)
PublicationLaNb1−xMxO4 oxides with pentavalent elements of different ionic sizes (M=Sb, Ta and V, x=0.05–0.3) were synthesized by the solid state reaction method. Special interest was devoted to the antimony substituted lanthanum niobate which is a new material in this group. Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns was used to determine the influence of the material composition on unit cell parameters. On the basis of dilatometric...
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Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal coliforms isolated from surface water
Publicationof 274 fecal coliforms isolated from two watercourses influencing the costal water quality of the gdańsk and the puck bay, 265 were identified as escherichia coli. the remained strains belonged to: acinetobacter spp. (n=1), enterobacter spp. (n=3), klebsiella spp. (n=4) and shigella spp. (n=1). the susceptibility of 222 e. coli was tested against 19 antimicrobial agents: aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporines, folate antagonists,...
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Path dependence, modularity and the offshoring of (some) physician services
PublicationThis paper integrates ideas from modularity and path dependency to explain the potential for and limitations of the offshoring of high value added physician services. While not all medical services are amenable to offshoring, a growing number of physician activities can be viewed as modular components which, at least technically, could be performed remotely. As a result, the presumption that concerns for efficiency dictate how...
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Antioxidant properties and bioactive constituents of some rare exotic thai fruits and comparison with conventional fruits. in vitro and in vivo studies
PublicationPrzedmiotem badań były ekstrakty uzyskane zarówno z egzotycznych owoców z terenu Tajlandii (durian, snake fruit, mangosteen) jak i owoców ''konwencjonalnych'' (mango, kiwi, awokado) w celu porównania zawartości związków bioaktywnych i aktywności przeciwutleniającej.Wyniki badań prowadzonych zarówno in vitro jak i in vivo mogą być wykorzystane przy opracowywaniu diety. W trakcie badań in vitro wykorzystano testy do określania potencjału...
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The interference between electrode and poly(ethylene oxide) electrolytes
PublicationSpektroskopia impedancyjna zastosowana została do scharakteryzowania granicy faz elektroda-elektrolit poli(oksyetylenowy) zawierający sole litu. Udział rozpuszczalnika w pojemności wewnętrznej warstwy, Cs(σ), dla CH3(OCH2CH2 )nOCH3 DLA N=4,8,10 oraz dla PMEO [(CH2CH2O)mCH2O]m m=5-10 został wyznaczony z wartości pojemności warstwy sztywnej pomniejszonej o udział metalu CM. Wyznaczono wartość pojemności dipolowej Ci(dip) dla PEO...
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HDAC Inhibitors: Innovative Strategies for Their Design and Applications
PublicationHistone deacetylases (HDACs) are a large family of epigenetic metalloenzymes that are involved in gene transcription and regulation, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and death, as well as angiogenesis. Particularly, disorders of the HDACs expression are linked to the development of many types of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, making them interesting molecular targets for the design of new efficient drugs...
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Nanocrystallization as a tool for controlling in vitro dissolution of borophosphate glass
PublicationThe controlled nanocrystallization of sodium-calcium-borophosphate glass (Na16.6Ca5.1B10.5Al0.8P10.5 O56.5 in at %) was conducted to investigate its influence on in vitro dissolution. Three temperatures (570 ◦C, 590 ◦C, and 610 ◦C) were selected based on thermal analysis and investigation of the morphology, structure, and in vitro dissolution of glass and glass-ceramics was conducted. The results of X-ray diffraction confirmed...
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Smartphone-based digital image colorimetry for the determination of total capsaicinoid content in chili pepper extracts
PublicationA simple smartphone-based digital image colorimetry was proposed for the determination of total capsaicinoid content and the assessment of chili pepper pungency. The biobased solvent D-limonene was used for the first time to isolate analytes. Capsaicinoids were efficiently separated from chili pepper by solid-liquid extraction with D-limonene followed by partitioning of the analytes into the ammonium hydroxide solution to eliminate...
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Application and optimization of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography - flame-ionization detector (GC-FID) to determine products of the petroleum industry in aqueous samples
PublicationA simple and solvent-free analytical method has been optimized for the determination of hydrocarbons (C6 - C20) from products of the petroleum industry in aqueous samples. Extraction and analysis was carried out using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionization detector (GC-FID). A ZB-5 capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm inner diameter, 0.25 µm film thickness) was used for...
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Pure cross-anisotropy for geotechnical elastic potentials
PublicationThe pure cross-anisotropy is understood as a special scaling of strain (or stress). The scaled tensor is used as an argument in the elastic stiffness (or compliance). Such anisotropy can be overlaid on the top of any elastic stiffness, in particular on one obtained from an elastic potential with its own stress-induced anisotropy. This superposition does not violate the Second Law. The method can be also applied to other functions...
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Disruption of homocitrate synthase genes in Candida albicans affects growth but not virulence
PublicationDwa geny, LYS21 i LYS22, kodujące izoformy syntazy homocytrynianowej, enzymu katalizującego pierwszy wyjątkowy etap w szlaku biosyntezy lizyny, zostały rozbite z komórkach Candida albicans z wykorzystaniem strategii ''SAT flipper''. Podwójny mutant lys21delta/lys22delta nie wykazywał aktywności syntazy homocytrynianowej, natomiast charakteryzował się auksotrofią wzrostową wobec lizyny w podłożach minimalnych, co można było odwrócić...
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Czy Krajowe Ramy Kwalifikacji są elementem podnoszącym jakość kształcenia na studiach wyższych?
PublicationW artykule przedstawiono znaczenie Krajowych Ram Kształcenia (KRK) w aspekcie Europejskich Ram Kształcenia. Zanalizowano wpływ KRK na jakość kształcenia na studiach wyższych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na zalety programu wdrażania KRK na poszczególnych uczelniach z punktu widzenia działalności administracji oraz na niebezpieczeństwa dla jakości kształcenia wynikające ze zmniejszeniem elastyczności modyfikacji programów studiów,...
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Kompozyty termoelektryczne z nanostrukturami węglowymi
PublicationJedną z badanych możliwości poprawy własności materiałów termoelektrycznych jest wytwarzanie kompozytów zawierających nanostrukturalne formy węgla. Opisano najważniejsze wnioski z doniesień naukowych nad takimi materiałami. Oczekuje się, że w wyniku rozpraszania na granicach węgiel - materiał termoelektryczny nastąpi rozpraszanie prowadzące do zmniejszenia przewodności cieplnej. Jednocześnie obserwuje się zmniejszenie przewodności...
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MATCHED FILTER APPROACH FOR MICROSEISMIC SIGNAL PROCESSING OF REAL DATA FROM EAST POMERANIA SHALE GAS
PublicationThe microseismic monitoring is a method of monitoring of fracture propagation during hydraulic fracturing (HF)process. An array of several hundred geophones is placed on the surface to record little ground tremors induced by fracturing process. Filtration and summation of signals from geophones is essential to identify and locate fracturing events from underground. Authors propose a method of matched filtering, that is usually...
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Ocena wpływu dodatku oliwy z oliwek na degradację termiczną rafinowanego oleju rzepakowego
PublicationTłuszcze jadalne to ważny składnik diety człowieka. Mają one znaczący wpływ na prawidłowe funkcjonowanie ludzkiego organizmu. Podczas smażenia olej podlega przemianom chemicznym, dlatego spożywane tłuszcze powinny charakteryzować się jak największą stabilności oksydacyjnej. Celem prowadzonych badań było określenie jakości olejów rzepakowego, mieszanego oraz rafinowanej oliwy z oliwek, pochodzących z rynku krajowego. Podczas badań...
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Próba wyłagodzenia załomów na rampie przechyłkowej
PublicationW pracy poświecono uwagę praktycznemu aspektowi kształtowania rejonów skrajnych na prostoliniowych rampach przechyłkowych. Praktyka wykonawcza jednoznacznie dowodzi, że właśnie w tych rejonach dokładność pracy podbijarki pozostawia wiele do życzenia. Warto się więc zastanowić nad wyłagodzeniem tychże rejonów, co wprowadzi co prawda pewne zaburzenia w układzie występujących przyspieszeń niezrównoważonych, jednak skutki tych zaburzeń...
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Tripped at the Finishing Line: The Åland Islands Internet Voting Project
PublicationThe Åland Islands spent years preparing an internet voting system, to be implemented for the first time in October 2019 for Parliamentary Elections. Despite this, the project was canceled the evening before the expected release date. In this paper, we explore the causes of this failure using a two-pronged approach including Information System failure perspectives and the approach to e-voting Mirabilis, focusing on organizational...
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Comparison of antimicrobial activity of selected, commercially available wound dressing materials
PublicationOBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to examine the antimicrobial potential of eight selected, commercially available wound dressings containing different antimicrobial agents: silver, chlorhexidine acetate, povidone-iodine, and manuka honey. METHOD: The materials were tested against four reference strains of bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (PCM 2051), Staphylococcus epidermidis (PCM 2118), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853),...
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Mass transfer in Spinning Fluids Reactor — Measurement and prediction
PublicationSpecific mass transfer area (a) and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) are mass transfer parameters commonly used in the description and comparison of various chemical reactors’ constructions. Determination of these was performed for Spinning Fluids Reactor (SFR). Sodium sulfite oxidation in the presence of cobalt ion catalyst was used for the determination of a and kLa. The a and kLa were successful predicted....
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Proton Conducting Ceramic Powder Synthesis by a Low Temperature Method
PublicationMolten salt synthesis (MSS) is a simple method for the preparation of ceramic powders with specific morphology. The main role of the molten salts is to increase the reaction rate and lower the reaction temperature. It occurs because of much higher mobility of reactants in the liquid medium than in the solid state. In this work the molten salt synthesis was applied to produce ceramic powders of La0995Ca0005NbO4 and BaCe09−xZrxY01O3....
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Subdivision and damage stability of ships.
PublicationPierwszy kompleksowy podręcznik na świecie na poziomie akademickim dotyczący niezatapialności statku w ujęciu probabilistycznym, w którym za miarę bezpieczeństwa statku przyjmuje się prawdopodobieństwo przetrwania kolizji przez statek, zwane wskaźnikiem niezatapialności, względnie wskaźnikiem podziału grodziowego statku. Obejmuje zarówno zagadnienia teoretyczne jak i praktyczne, dając projektantom wykładnię stosowania obowiązujących...
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Wulkanizaty kauczuku naturalnego otrzymane z użyciem plastyfikatorów pochodzenia roślinnego
PublicationCelem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie wpływu epoksydowanych olejów roślinnych na wybrane właściwości wul-kanizatów kauczuku naturalnego. Jako plastyfikatorów użyto epoksydowanego oleju sojowego oraz epoksydo-wanego oleju palmowego. Wpływ olejów naturalnych porównano także z wulkanizatami przygotowanymi bez użycia zmiękczaczy, jak i zawierającymi olej maszynowy, pochodzący z przerobu ropy naftowej. Zbadano wpływ rodzaju...
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Dissociative Electron Attachment to 5-Iodo-4-thio-2′-deoxyuridine: A Potential Radiosensitizer of Hypoxic Cells
PublicationIn the search for effective radiosensitizers for tumor cells, halogenated uracils have attracted more attention due to their large cross section for dissociation upon the attachment of low-energy electrons. In this study, we investigated dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to 5-iodo-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine, a potential radiosensitizer using a crossed electron-molecule beam experiment coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry....
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Knowledge Risks Arising from Digitalization
PublicationPurpose - This conceptual paper aims to identify and analyse knowledge risks resulting from digitalization. Additionally, the paper tries to present factors influencing knowledge risks arising from digitalization and ways of handling them. Design/methodology/approach – The study is a continuation of the research by Durst and Zieba (2019) related to knowledge risks and their potential outcomes. This present study makes an update...
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Properties of LiMnBO3 glasses and nanostructured glass-ceramics
PublicationPolycrystalline LiMnBO3 is a promising cathode material for Li-ion batteries. In this work, we investigated the thermal, structural and electrical properties of glassy and nanocrystallized materials having the same chemical composition. The original glass was obtained via a standard melt-quenching method. SEM and 7Li solid-state NMR indicate that it contains a mixture of two distinct glassy phases. The results suggest that the...
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Multi-Fidelity Local Surrogate Model for Computationally Efficient Microwave Component Design Optimization
PublicationIn order to minimize the number of evaluations of high-fidelity (“fine”) model in the optimization process, to increase the optimization speed, and to improve optimal solution accuracy, a robust and computational-efficient multi-fidelity local surrogate-model optimization method is proposed. Based on the principle of response surface approximation, the proposed method exploits the multi-fidelity coarse models and polynomial interpolation...
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Influence of processing conditions on crystal structure of BiNbO 4 ceramics
PublicationBismuth niobate (BiNbO4) has attracted attention as a low-fired ceramics with promising microwave application potential. It belongs to the bismutocolumbite oxides with similarly to scheelite-like stibiotantalite structure (SbTaO4) A3+B5+O4. Aim of the present research was to fabricate BiNbO4 ceramics by solid state reaction route from the mixture of simple oxides viz. Bi2O3, and Nb2O5, and study its phase composition as well as...
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Laboratoryjny biofiltr strużkowy do oczyszczania powietrza z lotnych związków organicznych o charakterze odorowym
PublicationW pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych procesu dezodoryzacji powietrza zanieczyszczonego parami toluenu w biofiltrze ze złożem zraszanym (tj. w biofiltrze strużkowym). Zaproponowano układ badawczy do procesu biofiltracji, oparty na bioreaktorze dwusekcyjnym, wypełnionym ceramicznymi pierścieniami Raschiga. Złoże biofiltra zaszczepiono drobnoustrojami z rodzaju Candida. Jako ciecz zraszającą stosowano wodny roztwór soli...
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Magnetic-dipole-to-electric-quadrupole cross-susceptibilities for relativistic hydrogenlike atoms in some low-lying discrete energy eigenstates
PublicationIn this paper we present tabulated data for magnetic-dipole-to-electric-quadrupole cross-susceptibilities (χ_{M1→E2}) for Dirac one-electron atoms with a pointlike, spinless and motionless nucleus of charge Ze. Numerical values of this susceptibility for the hydrogen atom (Z = 1) and for hydrogenic ions with 2 \leqslant Z \leqslant 137 are computed from the general analytical formula, recently derived by us (Stefanska, 2016), valid...
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An incorporation of contemporary daylight assessment methods into architecture and urban planning of residential areas in Poland
PublicationThis paper presents the preliminary results of the ongoing research focusing on daylight design methods for the urban planning of residential areas in Poland. The purpose of this research is to find out if modern daylight performance metrics and design methods can be beneficial to the process of urban residential planning. The paper presents a review of daylight guidelines derived from historic, Polish building regulations. A summary...
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Burialscapes of Rab Island (North East Adriatic): The Role of Sepulchral Evidence in the Reconstruction of Roman and Late Antique Rural Settlement Pattern
PublicationOn the bases of archaeological and documentary data an overview of the burial evidence of Roman and late Antique date on the island of Rab (North East Adriatic, Croatia) is brought forth, spatially analysed and interpreted within the so-far defined rural settlement pattern. While aiding in the definition of burial practices and their diachronic changes, data derived from such evidence and interpreted from a social perspective,...
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Experimental determination of H2 mass stopping powers for low-energy electrons
PublicationWe present experimental mass stopping powers of electrons in gaseous H2 obtained with an electron time- of-flight spectrometer, for the incident electron energy range of 11 to 25 eV. In our procedure, the average energy loss is derived from conversion of the measured electron time-of-flight spectra into equivalent electron energy-loss spectra. Our present results are compared with the only available experimental measurement and...
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Identification and properties of the psychrophilic bacterium Desulfolatea psychrophila single-stranded DNA binding proteins
PublicationTo study the biochemical properties of SSB from Desulfolatea psychrophila (DpsSSB), we have cloned the ssb genes obtained by PCR and have developed Escherichia coli overexpression systems. The gene consists of an open reading frame of 426 nucleotides encoding SSB protein of 142 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 15.6 kDa and it is the smallest known bacterial SSB protein indentified to date. The amino-acid sequence...
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Makespan minimization of multi-slot just-in-time scheduling on single and parallel machines
PublicationArtykuł podejmuje problem szeregowania zadań przy założeniu podziału czasu na sloty jednakowej długości, gdzie każde z zadań ma ustaloną długość oraz czas jego zakończenia, który jest relatywny do końca slotu. Problem znalezienia uszeregowania polega na dokonaniu przydziału zadań do poszczególnych slotów, przy czym w ogólności długość zadania może wymuszać sytuację, w której zadańie jest realizowane nie tylko w slocie, w którym...
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Windowing of the Discrete Green's Function for Accurate FDTD Computations
PublicationThe paper presents systematic evaluation of the applicability of parametric and nonparametric window functions for truncation of the discrete Green's function (DGF). This function is directly derived from the FDTD update equations, thus the FDTD method and its integral discrete formulation can be perfectly coupled using DGF. Unfortunately, the DGF computations require processor time, hence DGF has to be truncated with appropriate...
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The Origins of the Concept of Ideology
PublicationThe concept of "ideology" as, firstly, a term that points at non-epistemological conditioning of cognitive processes, and, secondly, as a term which aimed at disclosing the ancillary role of given ideas in regard to specific political interests of certain groups, has long history. Since Francis Bacon's theory of idols modern philosophy endavoured to create a comprehensive classification of systematic cognitive errors which divert...
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Reduction of noise and rolling resistance by horizontal grinding of asphalt pavements
PublicationGrinding of cement concrete pavements to reduce unevenness and noise is common since a long time. Grinding is then made with wheels equipped with diamond blades rotating in the vertical plane. This creates narrow vertical/longitudinal grooves in the pavement. It is not applied to asphalt pavements. In this paper an alternative type of grinding is studied. In this case plates with diamond heads rotate in the same plane as the pavement,...