Wyniki wyszukiwania dla: enzyme-free
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A Flexible Nafion Coated Enzyme‐free Glucose Sensor Based on Au‐dimpled Ti Structures
PublikacjaThe detection of glucose at low concentrations using electrochemical sensors is of great importance due to the possibility of using different human body fluids than blood, such as e.g. urine, saliva, sweat or tears. The interest behind those biofluids is related to their utility in non-invasive sugar determination. In this work, we present flexible, fully biocompatible electrode material based on Au nanoparticles immobilized onto...
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Enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles
PublikacjaImmobilized enzymes have been commonly used in many branches of industry, biotechnology, medicine and also in analytical chemistry. Their use provides many advantages in comparison with free enzymes including repeated, easy recovery of the enzyme and improvement in enzyme stability. Enzymes are strong and specific catalysts, but are also expensive and fragile. Their immobilization and stabilization may reduce reaction costs, which...
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Optical fiber aptasensor for label-free bacteria detection in small volumes
PublikacjaHighly sensitive devices for fast bacteria detection are sought to be developed with the task of quantifying the worldwide problem of pathogenic bacteria and thus helping to take control over spreading bacterial infections. This work concerns a sensing solution based on microcavity in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer (μIMZI) induced in an optical fiber. Such a device exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity to refractive index changes...
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Oxygen biosensor based on carbon nanotubes directly grown on graphitic substrate
PublikacjaFilms of carbon nanotubes were synthesized on the graphitic substrates by CVD method in the presence of catalyst. Two different catalysts were used, that is nickel and iron, supported on graphitic substrates. The as-obtained nanotubes were analyzed by SEM imaging with EDX and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed their multi-walled morphology. Free radical reaction was carried out in order to chemically functionalize synthesized...
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Role of cholesterol in substrate recognition by -secretase
Publikacja-Secretase is an enzyme known to cleave multiple substrates within their transmembrane domains, with the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer’s Disease among the most prominent examples. The activity of -secretase strictly depends on the membrane cholesterol content, yet the mechanistic role of cholesterol in the substrate binding and cleavage remains unclear. In this work, we used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to examine...
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Long range molecular dynamics study of regulation of eukaryotic glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase activity by UDP-GlcNAc
PublikacjaGlucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) synthase catalyses the first and practically irreversible step in hexosamine metabolism. The final product of this pathway, uridine 5' diphospho N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDPGlcNAc), is an essential substrate for assembly of bacterialand fungal cell walls. Moreover, the enzyme is involved in phenomenon of hexosamine induced insulin resistance in type II diabetes, which makes it a potential target...
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Structural studies of a cold-adapted dimeric Beta-D-galactosidase from Paracoccus sp. 32d
PublikacjaThe crystal structure of a novel dimeric [beta]-D-galactosidase from Paracoccus sp. 32d (Par[beta]DG) was solved in space group P212121 at a resolution of 2.4 Å by molecular replacement with multiple models using the BALBES software. This enzyme belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 2 (GH2), similar to the tetrameric and hexameric [beta]-D-galactosidases from Escherichia coli and Arthrobacter sp. C2-2, respectively. It is the second...
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Mechanochemical Energy Transduction during the Main Rotary Step in the Synthesis Cycle of F1-ATPase
PublikacjaF1-ATPase is a highly efficient molecular motor that can synthesize ATP driven by a mechanical torque. Its ability to function reversibly in either direction requires tight mechanochemical coupling between the catalytic domain and the rotating central shaft, as well as temporal control of substrate binding and product release. Despite great efforts and significant progress, the molecular details of this synchronized and fine-tuned...
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The extended version of restriction analysis approach for the examination of the ability of low-molecular-weight compounds to modify DNA in a cell-free system
PublikacjaOne of the primary requirements in toxicology is the assessment of ability of chemicals to induce DNA covalent modification. There are several well-established methods used for this purpose such as 32P-Postlabeling or HPLC-MS. However, all of these approaches have difficult to overcome limitations, which prevents their use in genotoxin screening. Here, we describe the simple protocol exploiting specificity of restriction enzymes...
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Covalent DNA modification by products of myrosinase catalysed glucosinolate degradation in cell-free system
PublikacjaThe bioactive phytochemicals found in Brassica vegetables belonging to glucosinolates (GLS) and especially the products of their degradation isothiocyanates (ITC) and indoles are regarded as the most promising cancer chemopreventive compounds. These secondary metabolites constitute defence system repelling or preventing the development of agrophages attacking brassica plants. The antibiological properties of these compounds suggest...
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Characterization of immobilized Escherichia coli cells transformed by β-galactosidase gene from Pyrococcus woesei
PublikacjaThermostable β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli transformant containing theenzyme gene from Pyrococcus woesei was immobilized on alginate gel.The benefits of using whole bacterial cells not only exclude expensive, laborious proteinisolation and purification but also stabilize enzymes by cytosol components. Increase inproductivity of enzyme can be achieved by cells permeabilization. To increase permeability ofcytoplasmic membrane...
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Ordered titanium templates functionalized by gold films for biosensing applications – Towards non-enzymatic glucose detection
PublikacjaRecently, metal nanostructures evoke much interest due to application potential in highly sensitive detectors in biochemistry and medical diagnostics. In this work we report on preparation and characteristics of thin (1–100 nm) Au films deposited onto highly ordered structured titanium templates for SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) and electrochemical sensing. The Ti templates are formed by selective removal of TiO2 nanotubes...
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The Product of Matrix Metalloproteinase Cleavage of Doxorubicin Conjugate for Anticancer Drug Delivery: Calorimetric, Spectroscopic, and Molecular Dynamics Studies on Peptide–Doxorubicin Binding to DNA
PublikacjaMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular matrix degradation factors, promoting cancer progression. Hence, they could provide an enzyme-assisted delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer treatment. In the current study, the intercalation process of DOX and tetrapeptide-DOX, the product of the MMPs' cleavage of carrier-linked DOX, into dsDNA was investigated using stationary and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis...
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Catalytic Mechanism of Non-Target DNA Cleavage in CRISPR-Cas9 Revealed by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics
PublikacjaCRISPR-Cas9 is a cutting-edge genome editing technology, which uses the endonuclease Cas9 to introduce mutations at desired sites of the genome. This revolutionary tool is promising to treat a myriad of human genetic diseases. Nevertheless, the molecular basis of DNA cleavage, which is a fundamental step for genome editing, has not been established. Here, quantum–classical molecular dynamics (MD) and free energy methods are used...
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Biochemical, Structural Analysis, and Docking Studies of Spiropyrazoline Derivatives
PublikacjaIn this study, we evaluated the antiproliferative potential, DNA damage, crystal struc‐ tures, and docking calculation of two spiropyrazoline derivatives. The main focus of the research was to evaluate the antiproliferative potential of synthesized compounds towards eight cancer cell lines. Compound I demonstrated promising antiproliferative properties, especially toward the HL60 cell line, for which IC50 was equal to 9.4 μM/L....
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Anticancer Properties of Amino Acid and Peptide Derivatives of Mycophenolic Acid
PublikacjaBackground: Although Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) is applied as prodrugs in clinic as an immunosuppressant, it also possesses anticancer activity. MPA acts as Inosine-5’-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor, where the carboxylic group at the end of the side chain interacts with Ser 276 of the enzyme via hydrogen bonds. Therefore, MPA derivatives with other polar groups indicated high inhibition too. On the other hand, potent...
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Emerging anticancer activity of candidal glucoseamine-6-phosphate synthase inhibitors upon nanoparticle-mediated delivery
PublikacjaNumerous glutamine analogues have been reported as irreversible inhibitors of the glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) synthase in pathogenic Candida albicans in the last 3.5 decades. Among the reported inhibitors, the most effective N3-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-L-2,3- diaminopropanoic acid (FMDP) has been extensively studied in order to develop its more active analogues. Several peptide−FMDP conjugates were tested to deliver FMDP to its...
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THE GENE CLONING, OVEREXPRESSION, PURIFICATION AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF A NEW COLD-ADAPTED β–GALACTOSIDASE FROM ARTHROBACTER SP. VII-4
PublikacjaINTRODUCTION. β-Galactosidase [EC 3.2.1.23] is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of O-glycosidic linkages in galactosides. It is commercially used in dairy industry for the production of milk with reduced lactose content. Potentially, the best method for lactose removal under cooling conditions should be carried out with a cold-adapted enzyme. AIM. The aim of this study was to determine the taxonomic affiliation of the isolate...
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Isolation of the GFA1 gene encoding glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase of Sporothrix schenckii and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PublikacjaGlucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlcN-6-P synthase) is an essential enzyme involved in cell wall biogenesis that has been proposed as a strategic target for antifungal chemotherapy. Here we describe the cloning and functional characterization of Sporothrix schenckii GFA1 gene which was isolated from a genomic library of the fungus. The gene encodes a predicted protein of 708 amino acids that is homologous to GlcN-6-P synthases...
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Homoisocitrate dehydrogenase from Candida albicans: properties, inhibition, and targeting by an antifungal pro-drug
PublikacjaThe LYS12 gene from Candida albicans, coding for homoisocitrate dehydrogenase was cloned and expressed as a His-tagged protein in Escherichia coli. The purified gene product catalyzes the Mg2+- and K+-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of homoisocitrate to alpha-ketoadipate. The recombinant enzyme demonstrates strict specificity for homoisocitrate. SDS-PAGE of CaHIcDH revealed its molecular mass of 42.6±1 kDa, while in size-exclusion...
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DNA restriction analysis as a supportive tool in mechanistic studies carried out by 32P-postlabelling
PublikacjaNumerous antitumor and carcinogenic compounds are able to modify DNA by forming covalent bonds with its constituents, while some anticarcinogenic compounds are known to prevent such a modification. All these processes are of vital biological import_ance, though deeper inside into factors influencing formation of DNA adducts is difficult due to the low level of their occurrence. 32P-Postlabelling approach ensures very sensitive...
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Efficient production of Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin in a benchtop bioreactor by recombinant Escherichia coli.
PublikacjaLysostaphin is an enzyme with bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococcal species. In spite of many advantages and promising results of preliminary research, the enzyme is still not widely used in medicine, veterinary or as a food preservative. One of the most important factors limiting application of the enzyme in clinical or technological practice is the high costs of its production. In the present...
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Construction of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase with an internal hexahistydyl fragment
PublikacjaL-Glutamine: D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.16), known also as glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) syntase, catalyzes the first committed step in the amino sugar biosynthetic pathway in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The enzyme carries out a complex reaction involving ammonia transfer and sugar phosphate isomerization. GlcN-6-P syntase is an important point of metabolic control of amino sugar biosynthesis...
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Structural features responsible for control of the eukaryotic GlcN-6-P synthase activity
PublikacjaGlucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) synthase is responsible for catalysis of the first and practically irreversible step in hexosamine metabolism. As UDP-GlcNAc, the final product of the hexosamine path, constitutes one of the essential substrates for assembly of bacterial and fungal cell walls, the enzyme is an interesting target for antimicrobial therapy.The structure of E. coli enzyme, known since 2001, forms a dimer of two identical...
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The psychrotrophic yeast Sporobolomyces roseus LOCK 1119 as a source of a highly active aspartic protease for the in vitro production of antioxidant peptides
PublikacjaA psychrotrophic yeast strain producing a cold-adapted protease at low temperature was classified as Sporobolomyces roseus. In standard YPG medium, S. roseus LOCK 1119 synthesized an extracellular protease with an activity of approximately 560 U/L. Optimization of medium composition and process temperature considerably enhanced enzyme biosynthesis; an approximate 70% increase in activity (2060 U/L). The native enzyme was purified...
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Engineering Candida albicans glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase for efficient enzyme purification
PublikacjaRationally designed muteins of Candida albicans glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, an enzyme known as a promising target for antifungal chemotherapy, were constructed, overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to near homogeneity. To facilitate and to optimize the purification of the enzyme, three recombinant versionscontaining internal oligoHis fragments were constructed: (i) by substituting residues 343 - 348...
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A new cold-adapted beta-D-galactosidase from the Antarctic Arthrobacter sp. 32c - gene cloning, overexpression, purification and properties
PublikacjaThe development of a new cold-active β-D-galactosidases and microorganisms that efficiently ferment lactose is of high biotechnological interest, particularly for lactose removal in milk and dairy products at low temperatures and for cheese whey bioremediation processes with simultaneous bio-ethanol production. In this article, we present a new β-D-galactosidase as a candidate to be applied in the above mentioned biotechnological...
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Heterogeneity of quaternary structure of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase from Giardia lamblia
PublikacjaThe oligoHis-tagged versions of glucosamine-6- phosphate deaminase from Giardia lamblia (GlmNagB-HisN, GlmNagB-HisC) were constructed and purified to hear homogeneity, and their kinetic and structural properties were compared to those of the wild-type enzyme (GlmNagB). Introduction of the oligoHis tag at the GlmNagB C-terminus resulted in almost complete loss of the catalytic activity, while the catalytic properties of GlmNagB-HisN...
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A new cold-active β-galactosidase from Arthrobacter sp. S3* - gene cloning, overexpression, purification and properties
PublikacjaA psychrotrophic bacterium producing a cold-active β-galactosidase was isolated from Spitsbergen soil and classified as Arthrobacter sp. S3*. The gene encoding β-galactosidase was isolated from the genomic DNA library, sequenced, cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by ion exchange chromatography and characterized. The Arthrobaster sp. S3* β-galactosidase is a homotrimeric enzyme composed of 74,4 kDa subunits. It is...
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B-GALACTOSIDASE ARTHROBACTER SP. 32cB - OBTAINING THE GENE SEQUENCE, CONSTRUCTION OF THE EXPRESSION SYSTEM, BIOSYNTHESIS AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENZYME
PublikacjaINTRODUCTION: β-Galactosidase is an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of O glycosidic bond in β-galactosides. Another activity of β galactosidase is a transglycosylation activity. The main industrial use of this protein is the hydrolysis of lactose in milk in a cooling conditions. Synthesis of galactooligosaccharides, which are mostly used as a prebiotics added to some foods or available as dietary supplements, is only one...
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Extracellular proteolytic activity of Deinococcus geothermalis
PublikacjaProduction of extracellular protease by extremophilic bacteria Deinococcus geothermalis cultivated in liquid media containing 0.1% (w/v) of peptone K, 0.1% yeast extract and 0.2% marine salt reached a maximum in 14 h of the cell growth at 45°C and pH 8.0. The enzyme was purified by a two-step procedure using fractionation by a graded ammonium sulphate precipitation technique and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 column. Protease...
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Docking simulations, Molecular properties and ADMET studies of novel Chromane6,7diol analogues as potential inhibitors of Mushroom tyrosinase
PublikacjaResearch on inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme has attained significant value, because tyrosinase inhibitors have potential applications in medicine, cosmetics (as whitening agents) and in agriculture (as bioinsecticides). Determination and elucidation of new tyrosinase inhibitors are not only beneficial for medical purposes, but their promising applications in improving food quality and nutritional...
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Cloning, expression, and biochemical characterization of a coldactive GDSL-esterase of a Pseudomonas sp. S9 isolated from Spitsbergen island soil
PublikacjaAn estS9 gene, encoding an esterase of the psychrotolerant bacterium Pseudomonas sp. S9 was cloned and sequenced. The deduced sequence revealed a protein of 636 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 69 kDa.Further amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the EstS9 enzyme contained a G-D-S-L motif centered at a catalytic serine, an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal autotransporter domain. Two recombinant E. coli...
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INFOGEST inter-laboratory recommendations for assaying gastric and pancreatic lipases activities prior to in vitro digestion studies
PublikacjaIn vitro digestion studies often use animal digestive enzyme extracts as substitutes of human gastric and pancreatic secretions. Pancreatin from porcine origin is thus commonly used to provide relevant pancreatic enzymes such as proteases, amylase and lipase. Rabbit gastric extracts (RGE) have been recently introduced to provide gastric lipase in addition to pepsin. Before preparing simulated gastric and pancreatic extracts with...
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Characterization of glucoamylase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles
PublikacjaMagnetic support was prepared by precipitation from an alkaline solution of divalent and trivalent iron ions and subsequently was modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. FTIR analysis showed existence of a new Si-O-Fe bond in obtained particles. Scanning electronic microscopy images shows that the nanoparticles of all samples have particle size below 30 nm. Glucoamylase AMG 300L was immobilized onto the modified magnetic support...
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Enzyme-conjugated MXene nanocomposites for biosensing and biocatalysis acuities
PublikacjaEngineered two-dimensional (2-D) MXenes-based materials with tunable characteristics and multi-functionalities have brought up new paradigms in the biosensing and catalysis of chemical compounds. The profusion of electroactive functional moieties on the surface of few/multi-layer MXenes facilitates their ability to retain biomolecules such as enzymes resulting in unique dimensions for bioanalytical and biosensing applications....
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Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase with an oligoHis insert
PublikacjaGlucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) synthase known also as L-Glutamine: D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.16), catalyzes the first committed step in the amino sugar biosynthetic pathway in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The final product of this pathway is an activated precursor of numerous macromolecules containing amino sugars, including chitin and mannproteins in fungi, peptydoglican and lipopolysaccharides...
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Synergic Effect of Naphthylated Carbon Nanotubes and Gold Nanoparticles on Catalytic Performance of Hybrid Films Containing Bilirubin Oxidase for the Dioxygen Reduction
PublikacjaTo improve the direct electron transfer from a multicopper oxidase MvBOd to the glassy carbon electrode surface the naphthylated multiwall carbon nanotubes (Napht-MWCNTs) are ombined with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to form a conductive network at the electrode and to increase its working surface. Such approach allowed to eliminate the necessity of employing mediators to reach elevated current values. The enzyme stability was improved...
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Properties and applications of thermostable proteases sourced from Deinococcus geothermalis.
PublikacjaThe growing interest of extremophiles results from the fact that their enzymes arestable and active under harsh environment conditions. These type of biocatalysts are attractivedue to the fact that can be used in industrial processes that were previously regarded asincompatible with biological materials. Among extremozymes the largest group constitutethermozymes. Currently it is estimated that approximately 40% of enzymes used...
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Comparison of oil yield and quality obtained by different extraction procedures from salmon (Salmo salar) processing byproducts
PublikacjaThe content and composition of lipids in different byproducts (skins, heads, and backbones) from mechanically processed farmed Atlantic salmon were determined and compared with that obtained from wild salmon. Three different procedures were used to establish the optimal conditions of oil extraction (at high temperature −95°C, “cold” extraction at temperature not exceeding 15°C and enzyme assisted with Alcalase). “Cold” extraction...
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In silico design of telomerase inhibitors.
PublikacjaTelomerase is a reverse transcriptase enzyme involved in DNA synthesis at the end of linear chromosomes. Unlike in most other cells, telomerase is reactivated most cancerous cells and, therefore, has become a promising new anticancer target. Despite extensive research, direct telomerase inhibitors have yet not been introduced to the clinics because of the complexity of this enzyme. Structures of this protein from simple organisms...
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Inspired by Nature: The Use of Plant-derived Substrate/Enzyme Combinations to Generate Antimicrobial Activity in situ
PublikacjaThe last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in antimicrobial agents. Plants have received particular attention and frequently rely on the spontaneous enzymatic conversion of an inactive precursor to an active agent. Such two-component substrate/enzyme defence systems can be reconstituted ex vivo. Here, the alliin/alliinase system from garlic seems to be rather effective against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whilst the glucosinolate/myrosinase...
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Comparative molecular dynamics study of dimeric and monomeric forms of HIV-1 protease in ligand bound and unbound state
PublikacjaHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (HIV-1 PR) is a viral-encoded enzyme that forms a homodimer. HIV-1 PR is essential for replication and assembly of the virus and inactivation of HIV-1 PR enzyme causes production of immature, noninfectious viral particles and thus HIV-1 PR is an attractive target in anti-AIDS drug design. In our current work, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) calculations (500 ns) for two different...
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Modulation of UDP-glucuronidation by acridinone antitumor agents C-1305 and C-1311 in HepG2 and HT29 cell lines, despite slight impact in noncellular systems.
PublikacjaBackground Among the studied antitumor acridinone derivatives developed in our laboratory, 5-dimethylaminopropylamino-8-hydroxytriazoloacridinone (C-1305) and 5-diethylaminoethylamino-8-hydroxyimidazoacridinone (C-1311) exhibited cytotoxic and antitumor properties against several cancer types and were selected to be evaluated in preclinical and early-phase clinical trials. In the present work, we investigated the impact of C-1305...
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Active Site Architecture and Reaction Mechanism Determination of Cold Adapted beta-D-galactosidase from Arthrobacter sp. 32cB
PublikacjaArthbetaDG is a dimeric, cold-adapted beta-D-galactosidase that exhibits high hydrolytic and transglycosylation activity. A series of crystal structures of its wild form, as well as its ArthbetaDG_E441Q mutein complexes with ligands were obtained in order to describe the mode of its action. The ArthbetaDG_E441Q mutein is an inactive form of the enzyme designed to enable observation of enzyme interaction with its substrate. The...
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Structure of EstA esterase from psychrotrophic Pseudoalteromonas sp. 643A covalently inhibited by monoethylphosphonate.
PublikacjaThe crystal structure of the esterase EstA from the cold-adapted bacteriumPseudoalteromonas sp. 643A was determined in a covalently inhibited form at aresolution of 1.35 A˚. The enzyme has a typical SGNH hydrolase structureconsisting of a single domain containing a five-stranded beta-sheet, with threehelices at the convex side and two helices at the concave side of the sheet, and isornamented with a couple of very short helices...
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Antifungal Activity of Homoaconitate and Homoisocitrate Analogs
PublikacjaThirteen structural analogs of two initial intermediates of the L-alpha-aminoadipate pathway of L-lysine biosynthesis in fungi have been designed and synthesized, including fluoro- and epoxy-derivatives of homoaconitate and homoisocitrate. Some of the obtainedcompounds exhibited at milimolar range moderate enzyme inhibitory properties against homoaconitase and/or homoisocitrate dehydrogenase of Candida albicans. The structural...
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Desensitization of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase to inhibition by UDP-GlcNAc
PublikacjaGlucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) synthase, known also as L-Glutamine: D-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway leading to the ultimate formation of UDP-GlcNAc. The final product of this pathway is an activated precursor of numerous macromolecules containing amino sugars, including chitin and mannproteins in fungi, peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides in bacteria, and glycoproteins...
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Cloning, expression in Komagataella phaffii, and biochemical characterization of recombinant sequence variants of Pseudomonas sp. S9 GDSL-esterase
PublikacjaTwo recombinant Komagataella phaffii (formerly Pichia pastoris) yeast strains for production of two sequential variants of EstS9 esterase from psychrotolerant bacterium Pseudomonas sp. S9, i.e. αEstS9N (a two-domain enzyme consisting of a catalytic domain and an autotransporter domain) and αEstS9Δ (a single-domain esterase) were constructed. However, only one of recombinant K. phaffii strains, namely Komagataella phaffii X-33/pPICZαestS9Δ,...
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Investigating the disease- modifying properties of sclerotiorin in Alzheimer's therapy using acetylcholinesterase inhibition
PublikacjaAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused due to the damage and loss of neurons in specific brain regions. It is the most common form of dementia observed in older people. The symptoms start with memory loss and gradually cause the inability to speak and do day-to-day activities. The cost of caring for those affected individuals is huge and is probably beyond most developing countries capability....
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Modification of quaternary structure of Candida albicans GlcN-6-P synthase and its desensitization to inhibition by UDP-GlcNAc by site-directed mutagenesis
PublikacjaSite-directed mutagenesis of the CaGFA1 gene encoding glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase from Candida albicans was performed. Desensitization of the enzyme to inhibition by UDPGlcNAc was achieved upon T487I and H492F substitutions at the UDP-GlcNAc binding site, exchange of D524, S525 and S527 for Ala at the dimer:dimer interface and construction of the tail-lock array (L434R and L460A) at the C-tail region. The first two sets if...
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Organic solvents aggregating and shaping structural folding of protein, a case study of the protease enzyme
PublikacjaLow solubility of reactants or products in aqueous solutions can result in the enzymatic catalytic reactions that can occur in non-aqueous solutions. In current study we investigated aqueous solutions containing different organic solvents / deep eutectic solvents (DESs) that can influence the protease enzyme's activity, structural, and thermal stabilities. Retroviral aspartic protease enzyme is responsible for the cleavage of the...
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Inhibitors of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase as potential antimicrobials or antidiabetics – synthesis and properties
PublikacjaGlucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlcN-6-P synthase) is known as a promising target for antimicrobial agents and antidiabetics. Several compounds of natural or synthetic origin have been identified as inhibitors of this enzyme. This set comprises highly selective L-glutamine, amino sugar phosphate or transition state intermediate cis-enolamine analogues. Relatively low antimicrobial activity of these inhibitors, poorly penetrating...
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Fusion of DNA-binding domain of Pyrococcus furiosus ligase with TaqStoffel DNA polymerase as a useful tool in PCR with difficult targets
PublikacjaThe DNA coding sequence of TaqStoffel polymer- ase was fused with the DNA-binding domain of Pyrococcus furiosus ligase. The resulting novel recombinant gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified and its enzymatic features were studied. The fusion protein (PfuDBDlig-TaqS) was found to have enhanced processivity as a result of the conversion of the Taq DNA polymerase from a relatively low processive...
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The role of glucuronidation in drug resistance
PublikacjaThe final therapeutic effect of a drug candidate, which is directed to a specific molecular target strongly depends on its absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). The disruption of at least one element of ADME may result in serious drug resistance. In this work we described the role of one element of this resistance: phase II metabolism with UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGT function is the transformation...
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Synthesis of phosphono and phosphate derivatives of hydroxyimino-D-alditols as new potential antifungal agents
PublikacjaIn search for new effective we antyfungals we focus on two enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the fungal cell wall. The first enzyme is glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlmS), which catalyzes transformation of D-fructose-6-phosphate (Fru-6P) to D-glucosamine-6-phodphate (GlcN-6P) in the chitin biosynthesis pathway. The second enzyme is phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) repored to play a crucial role in biosynthesis of many mannosylated structures,...
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L-Homoserine O-acetyltransferase (CaMet2p) activity and inhibition
Dane BadawczeThe dataset contains the description of methodology and data files with the results obtained spectrophotometrically at 412 nm to determine the rate of fungal enzyme activity. The goal of the study was to obtain conditions optimal for L-homoserine O-acetyltransferase (Met2p) activity as well as evaluation of inhibitory potential of commercially available...
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Purification and biochemical characteristic of a cold-active recombinant esterase from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 643A under denaturing conditions.
PublikacjaIn this paper production of a cold-active esterase EstA from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. 643A in E. coli expression system was described. The purification and biochemical characteristic of EstA were performed in the presence of urea and then compared with results obtained for the esterase with no addition of urea and isolated from the native source. In both cases the cold-active enzyme displayed similar properties....
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The optimization of enzyme immobilization at Au-Ti nanotextured platform and its impact onto the response towards glucose in neutral media
PublikacjaThe market of non-invasive glucose sensors is drastically growing due to increasing number of people suffering from diabetes. Therefore, there is a significant need for any improvement in the field of biosensors that can be used for monitoring glucose level in human body. In recent years the emphasis is put onto the modification of electrode material with enzymes possessing recognition centre specific towards particular molecules....
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Recombinant !ermostable AP Exonuclease from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis: Cloning, Expression, Purification, Properties and PCR Application
PublikacjaApurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA are considered to be highly mutagenic and must be corrected to preserve genetic integrity, especially at high temperatures. !e gene encoding a homologue of AP exonuclease was cloned from the thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis and transformed into Escherichia coli. The protein product showed high identity (80%) to human Ape1 nuclease, whereas to E. coli exonuclease...
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Oznaczanie tlenu – od metody Winklera do czujników enzymatycznych (Determination of oxygen – from Winkler Method to enzymatic sensor)
PublikacjaMonitoring of dioxygen levels is of utmost importance from the view-point of life processes, medical diagnostics, nutrition and chemical industries. In all these measurements both low and high levels of this element are important. The common methods for the determination of dioxygen are the Winkler method, Clark electrode and pulsoxymeters. A new, already strong field of research can be now recognized – the development of miniaturized...
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Characterization of two aminotransferases from Candida albicans
PublikacjaAminoadipate aminotransferase (AmAA) is an enzyme of α-aminoadipate pathway (AAP) for l-lysine biosynthesis. AmAA may also participated in biosynthesis or degradation of aromatic amino acids and in d-tryptophan based pigment production. The AAP is unique for fungal microorganisms. Enzymes involved in this pathway have specific structures and properties. These features can be used as potential molecular markers. Enzymes catalyzing...
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Cloning and characterization of a novel cold-active glycoside hydrolase family 1 enzyme with beta-glucosidase, beta-fucosidase and beta-galactosidase activities.
PublikacjaBackground: Cold-active enzymes, sourced from cold-adapted organisms, are characterized by high catalytic efficiencies at low temperatures compared with their mesophilic counterparts, which have poor activity. This property makes them advantageous for biotechnology applications as it: (i) saves energy costs, (ii) shortens the times for processes operated at low temperatures, (iii) protects thermosensitive substrates or products...
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiophosphate tricyclic coumarin derivatives as steroid sulfatase inhibitors
PublikacjaSteroid sulfatase (STS) enzyme inhibition is an important approach to the management of hormone-dependent breast cancer. In this paper, we report convenient methods for the synthesis and biological evaluation of thiophosphate tricyclic coumarin analogs exhibiting STS activity. The described methods are based on the straightforward preparation of 7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]chromen-2-one, 3-hydroxy- 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one,...
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Effect of dendrimer-based interlayers for enzyme immobilization on a model electrochemical sensing system for glutamate
PublikacjaIn this paper, we discuss dendrimer usage in enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors, particularly with respect to biomolecule loading on the sensing surface. A novel approach to design bioactive layers with immobilized enzymes for electrochemical biosensors using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method in combination with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was presented. The gold surface was modified with linear linkers...
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Mangiferin Affects Melanin Synthesis by an Influence on Tyrosinase: Inhibition, Mechanism of Action and Molecular Docking Studies
PublikacjaMangiferin is a strong antioxidant that presents a wide range of biological activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the influence of mangiferin on tyrosinase, an enzyme responsible for melanin synthesis and the unwanted browning process of food. The research included both the kinetics and molecular interactions between tyrosinase and mangiferin. The research proved that mangiferin inhibits tyrosinase...
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Aryl and N-arylamide carbon nanotubes for electrical coupling of laccase to electrodes in biofuel cells and biobatteries
PublikacjaSingle walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were equipped with aryl residues by chemical reactions. These insoluble materials were used to substitute classical soluble mediators, which help to transfer electrical charge between the conducting electrode and the redox active center of enzyme molecules. The effect of different aryl residues on the efficiency of the catalytic reduction of dioxygen in the presence of laccase was systematically...
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Homocitrate synthase gene as a new molecular target in diagnostics of Candida spp. infections
PublikacjaNew potential molecular target which will be investigated during this research (homocitrate synthase gen) is the innovative target other than ribosomal DNA. This gene encodes enzyme present only in fungi and some Archaea what significantly increases specificity. It also reduces risk of contamination or influence of other factors (reaction with other DNA present in sample derived from bacteria or host cells) what excludes false...
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Prediction of Bioactive Peptides From Chicken Feather and Pig Hair Keratins Using In Silico Analysis Based on Fragmentomic Approach
PublikacjaBackground: Keratin is among the most abundant structural proteins of animal origin, however it remains broadly underutilized. Objective: Bioinformatic investigation was performed to evaluate selected keratins originating from mass-produced waste products, i.e., chicken feathers and pig hair, as potential sources of bioactive peptides. Methods: Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, and subtilisin were used for in silico keratinolysis...
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Hybrid biobateryy based on arylated carbon nanotubes and laccase
PublikacjaSingle-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were covalently modified with antracene and antraquinone and used for the construction of cathodes for biocatalytic reduction od dioxygen. The nanotubes with aromatic groups casted onto the electrode increased the working surface of the electrode and enabled efficient direct electron tarnsfer (DET) between the enzyme and the electrode. the aryl groups enter the hydrophobic pocket of the T1...
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Aptamer based tools for environmental and therapeutic monitoring: A review of developments, applications, future perspectives
PublikacjaNucleic acids in the form of aptamers play a growing and significant role in the targeted and rapid analysis of environmental sample composition and medical analyses. In this paper, the review of both aptamers synthesis methods as well as application of these short chain oligonucleotides (with critical comments on their strong and weak features) are given. The first ones include: systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment...
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Phosphate tricyclic coumarin analogs as steroid sulfatase inhibitors: synthesis and biological activity.
PublikacjaIn the present work, we report convenient methods for the synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphate tricyclic coumarin derivatives as potential steroid sulfatase inhibitors. The described synthesis includes the straightforward preparation of 7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]chromen-4-one, 3-hydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one and 3-hydroxy-8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7H-cyclohepta[c]chromen-6-one modified...
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Development of Biocompatible Fe3O4@SiO2 Nanoparticles as Subcellular Delivery Platform for Glucosamine-6-phosphate Synthase Inhibitors
PublikacjaNumerous inhibitors of glucoseamine-6-phophate synthase (GlcN-6-P), the enzyme responsible from catalysis of the first step of metabolic pathway leading to metabolism 5’-diphospho-N-acetyl-D- glucosamine, were reported as effective agents for inhibiting the growth of various fungal pathogens. Among the reported inhibitors,...
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Mapping the Transglycosylation Relevant Sites of Cold-Adapted β-D-Galactosidase from Arthrobacter sp. 32cB
PublikacjaB-Galactosidase from Arthrobacter sp. 32cB (ArthbetaDG) is a cold-adapted enzyme able to catalyze hydrolysis of beta-D-galactosides and transglycosylation reaction, where galactosyl moiety is being transferred onto an acceptor larger than a water molecule. Mutants of ArthbetaDG D207A and E517Q were designed to determine the significance of specific residues and to enable formation of complexes with lactulose and sucrose and to...
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Myrosinase activity in different plant samples; optimisation of measurement conditions for spectrophotometric and pH-stat methods
PublikacjaMyrosinase found in Brassicaceae plants, is the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of glucosinolates. As a result a variety of biologically active metabolites are liberated, whose importance in crop protection and especially in cancer chemoprevention is rapidly gaining recognition. The growing practical application of glucosinolate degradation products requires that sensitive and reliable methods of myrosinase activity determination...
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Expression of a GDSL esterase from Pseudomonas sp. S9 in Pichiapastoris
PublikacjaCold active lipolytic enzymes are promising to replace the conventional enzymes processes of biotechnological industries. One of the most important feature of the cold-active lipases and esterases is that they offer economic benefits through energy saving. In general, they exhibit high activity at low temperatures and low thermostability at moderate temperatures. Lipolytic enzyme EstS9 was isolated from Pseudomonas sp. S9. A multiple...
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Long range molecular dynamics study of interactions of the eukaryotic glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase with fructose-6-phosphate and UDP-GlcNAc
PublikacjaGlucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (EC 2.6.1.16) is responsible for catalysis of the first and practically irreversible step in hexosamine metabolism. The final product of this pathway, uridine 5 diphospho Nacetyl- d-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), is an essential substrate for assembly of bacterial and fungal cell walls. Moreover, the enzyme is involved in phenomenon of hexosamine induced insulin resistance in type II diabetes, which...
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Selectivity Tuning by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Cytinus hypocistis—Studies of Antioxidative, Enzyme-Inhibitive Properties and LC-MS Profiles
PublikacjaIn the present study, the extracts of Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L using both traditional solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethanol/water, and water) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were investigated in terms of their total polyphenolic contents and antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitive properties. The extracts were found to possess total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the ranges of 26.47–186.13...
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STOMACH, Body of stomach - Male, 44 - Tissue image [12060630017624261]
Dane BadawczeThis is the histopathological image of STOMACH tissue sample obtained in Medical University Gdańsk and deposited in ZMDL-GUMED. The sample image was taken using: Pannoramic 250 3DHistech slide scanner (20x magnification) and saved to DICOM format.
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Testing the Diagnostic Utility of Recombinant Toxoplasma Gondii Chimeric Antigens – Generated Datasets
PublikacjaThe datasets titled Toxoplasma gondii recombinant chimeric antigens – IgM and IgG ELISAs – mouse serum samples and Toxoplasma gondii recombinant chimeric antigens – IgG and IgM ELISAs – human serum samples contain absorbance measurements obtained during serological tests using mouse and human sera in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests based on recombinant chimeric antigens. The datasets allows a comparison of absorbance...
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The New LM-PCR/Shifter Method for the Genotyping of Microorganism
PublikacjaTechniques relies on the ligation of appropriates adapters (LM-PCR) as AFLP, PCR MP and ADSRRS are successfully used for epidemiological studies for prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. In this study we propose a new method, called the LM-PCR/Shifter, based on the use of a Class IIS restriction enzyme giving restriction fragments with different 4 base 5' overhangs (Shifter) and the ligation of appropriate oligonucleotide...
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Antifungal Effect of Penicillamine Due to the Selective Targeting of L-Homoserine O-Acetyltransferase
PublikacjaDue to the apparent similarity of fungal and mammalian metabolic pathways, the number of established antifungal targets is low, and the identification of novel ones is highly desirable. The results of our studies, presented in this work, indicate that the fungal biosynthetic pathway of L-methionine, an amino acid essential for humans, seems to be an attractive perspective. The MET2 gene from Candida albicans encoding L-homoserine...
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A Novel Cryptic Clostridial Peptide That Kills Bacteria by a Cell Membrane Permeabilization Mechanism
PublikacjaThis work reports detailed characteristics of the antimicrobial peptide Intestinalin (P30), which is derived from the LysC enzyme of Clostridium intestinale strain URNW. The peptide shows a broader antibacterial spectrum than the parental enzyme, showing potent antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of Gram-positive staphylococci and Gram-negative pathogens and causing between 3.04 ± 0.12 log kill for Pseudomonas aeruginosa...
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Targeting Spike‐ACE2 Interface of SARS‐CoV‐2 and its Omicron Variant: A Comparative Screening of Potential Inhibitors for Existing and Anticipating Variants Using Molecular Modelling Approach
PublikacjaThe recent COVID pandemic has shown major impact on public health and economic crisis. Despite the development of many vaccines and drugs against the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2, the pandemic still persists. The continued spread of the virus is largely driven by the emergence of viral variants such as α, β, γ, delta, epsilon spike, omicron and its subvariants (BA.1,2,3) which can evade the current vaccines...
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Overproduction of CaMet15p native and His-tag versions.
Dane BadawczeEnzyme of fungal L-methionine biosynthetic pathway: O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase (Met15p) could be exploited as molecular target for antifungal chemotherapy. The goal of the study was to obtain conditions optimal for protein production with the use of prokaryotic cells. The constructed expression plasmids, designed in three different versions: encoding...
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The electrochemical studies of CB-PLA electrode after surface activation by proteinase K digestion
Dane BadawczeThe dataset contains the electrochemical studies performed to evaluate surface activation of the CB-PLA 3D printed electrodes by enzymatic hydrolysis in a solution containing proteinase K (72h digestion period). Different enzyme concentrations were evaluated: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg/ml. The studies were performed before surface activation, during and...
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Overproduction of homoserine O-acetyltransferase (CaMet2p) native and His-tag versions.
Dane BadawczeEnzyme of fungal L-methionine biosynthetic pathway: homoserine O-acetyltransferase (Met2p) could be exploited as molecular target for antifungal chemotherapy. The goal of the study was to obtain conditions optimal for protein production with the use of prokaryotic cells. The constructed expression plasmids, designed in three different versions: encoding...
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DDLMS PCR double digestion Ligation Mediated Suppression PCR - a new technique for bacterial specific differentiation
PublikacjaA new diagnostic kit for K. oxytoca specific differentiation based on ddLMS PCR (ang. double digest ligation Mediated PCR) technique is shown. As a species-specific DNA fragment pehX gene, encoding the enzyme polygalactouronase, was chosen. The genome sequence of K. oxytoca is digested with two endonucleases: AclI and BclI which cut DNA before and after pehX gene. The polymorphic DNA fragments are ligated with AclI-end-specific...
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A simple modification to improve the accuracy of methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme quantitative polymerase chain reaction
PublikacjaDNA digestion with endonucleases sensitive to CpG methylation such as HpaII followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quantitation is commonly used in molecular studies as a simple and inexpensive solution for assessment of region-specific DNA methylation. We observed that the results of such analyses were highly overestimated if mock-digested samples were applied as the reference.We determined DNA methylation levels in several...
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Amino Acid Based Antimicrobial Agents – Synthesis and Properties
PublikacjaStructures of several dozen of known antibacterial, antifungal or antiprotozoal agents are based on the amino acid scaffold. In most of them, the amino acid skeleton is of a crucial importance for their antimicrobial activity, since very often they are structural analogs of amino acid intermediates of different microbial biosynthetic pathways. Particularly, some aminophosphonate or aminoboronate analogs of protein amino acids are...
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Characterization of recombinant homocitrate synthase from Candida albicans
PublikacjaLYS21 and LYS22 genes from Candida albicans encoding isoforms of homocitrate synthase (HCS), an enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in the L-lysine biosynthetic pathway, were cloned and expressed as NoligoHistagged fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. The purified gene products revealed HCS activity, i.e. catalyzed the condensation of α-ketoglutarate with acetyl-coenzyme A to yield homocitrate. The recombinant enzymes were purified...
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New potent STS inhibitors based on fluorinated 4-(1-phenyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)-phenyl sulfamates
PublikacjaA series of fluorinated analogs based on the frameworks of 4-(1- phenyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)-phenyl sulfamates have been synthesized as steroid sulfatase (STS) inhibitors. The design of chemical structures of new potential STS inhibitors was supported by molecular docking techniques to identify potential interactions between inhibitors and amino acid residues located in the STS active site. The STS inhibitory potency was evaluated...
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A new division of bacterial UvrA homologues
PublikacjaThe UvrA protein is a DNA-binding and damage-recognition enzyme which participates in the prokaryotic type nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. It has recently been noted that some bacterial genomes comprise additional uvrA genes which encode five distinct types of UvrA homologue. We investigated the sequences of over 2400 bacterial genomes and found 130 examples of bacteria containing uvrA 2 genes. The sequence analyses conducted...
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IKE1-IKE3 (C-1305 derivatives) inhibitory effect of the Yeast Topoisomerase II relaxation activity
Dane BadawczeInhibition of Yeast Topoisomerase II were analyzed according to relaxation assay kit from Inspiralis. Briefly, 250 ng of supercoiled pBR322 DNA, 1 mM ATP, 1-200 μM of analyzed compound were mixed with reaction buffer (1 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.9), 10 mM KCl, 0.5 mM MgCl 2, 0.2 % (v/v) glycerol). The reaction was initiated by the addition of an enzyme, allowed...
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PCR-ELISA: inexpensive alternative to quantitative PCR
PublikacjaPCR-ELISA (polymerase chain reaction-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), a combination of PCR and ELISA methods, has been used since late 1980s. The technique is based on specially labelled DNA fragments which are captured by specific DNA sequences and detected by antibodies. The whole procedure of PCR-ELISA is divided into three steps: DNA extraction, PCR reaction and detection by ELISA. The method has been found as very specific...
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Molecular docking studies towards development of novel Gly-Phe analogs for potential inhibition of Cathepsin C (dipeptidyl peptidase I).
PublikacjaCathepsin C is a cysteine protease required for activation of various pro-inflammatory serine proteases and, essentially, is of interest as a therapeutic target. Cathepsin C coordinate system was employed as a model to study the interaction of some already available inhibitors of Cathepsin C. Compounds containing Gly-Phe fragment with functional groups at its ends were designed by knowledge based approach. Using AutoDock and...
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Hybrid battery based on arylated carbon nanotubes and laccase
PublikacjaSingle-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were covalently modified with anthracene and anthraquinone and used for the construction of cathodes for biocatalytic reduction of dioxygen. The nanotubes with aromatic groups casted onto the electrode increased the working surface of the electrode and enabled efficient direct electron transfer (DET) between the enzyme and the electrode. The aryl groups enter the hydrophobic pocket of the...
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3D polypyrrole structures as a sensing material for glucose detection
PublikacjaIn this work, 3D polypyrrole (PPy) structures as material for glucose detection is proposed. Polypyrrole was electrochemically polymerized on platinum screen-printed electrode from an aqueous solution of lithium perchlorate and pyrrole. The growth mechanism of such PPy structures was studied by ex-situ scanning electron microscopy. Preliminary studies show that studied here PPy film is a good candidate as a sensing material for...
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PCR-RFLP assays for species-specific identification of fungi belonging to Scopulariopsis and related genera
PublikacjaFungi of the Scopulariopsis genus, commonly found in the environment, are opportunistic pathogens that can cause various types of human infections. So far, no efficient molecular method has been developed for species differentiation among Scopulariopsis and related genera. In order to advance this field, we have evaluated performance of polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays, based...
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Pharmacomicrobiomics of cell-cycle specific anti-cancer drugs – is it a new perspective for personalized treatment of cancer patients?
PublikacjaIntestinal bacteria are equipped with an enzyme apparatus that is involved in the active biotrans-formation of xenobiotics, including drugs. Pharmacomicrobiomics, a new area of pharmacology, analyses interactions between bacteria and xenobiotics. However, there is another side to the coin. Pharmacotherapeutic agents can significantly modify the microbiota, which consequently affects their efficacy. In this review, we comprehensively...