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Determination of Toxicological Parameters of Selected Bioactive Organic Chemicals Using the Ostracodtoxkit FTM
PublicationAssessment of the impact of pharmaceutical residues on living organisms is very complex subject. Apart from taking into account the toxicity of individual compounds also their presence in mixtures should be taken into account. In this work, attempts were made to assess the ecotoxicity of biologically active substances (with 50 % effective concentration (EC50) values growing from fluoxetine (EC50 = 4.431 nM) >> gemfibrozil ≈ 17α-ethinylestradiol...
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New plasmonic platform for enhanced luminescence of Valrubicin
PublicationLuminescence enhanced by new structure of plasmonic platform with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) buffer layer deposited on gold nanostructures is investigated. Regularly distributed gold nanostructures of average dimension of 50 nm formed the active part of plasmonic platforms. They were manufactured on Corning 1737 glass substrate by melting of gold thin film. The nanostructures were coated by dielectric Al2O3 thin film with thickness...
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Structural optimization of microjet array cooling system
PublicationThe single phase heat transfer from an upward facing, horizontal copper surface to arrays of impinging water jets was experimentally investigated. Experimental configuration allows for a free-surface unconfined jets flow. Square nozzles 50 × 100 μm arranged in four different geometries were used. Additionally, for the set of two jets array geometry was varied by adjusting the nozzle to nozzle distance. The area averaged heat transfer...
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Pedestrian and bicycle bridges as examples of safe collision-free road crossings
PublicationPedestrians are most at risk when they are crossing the road. This represents a significant proportion of all fatalities among pedestrians, amounting respectively to 50% in non-built-up areas and 75% in built-up areas. The most frequent reason for this accident is failure to give way. What is most terrible is that 30% of pedestrian accidents occurred at marked pedestrian crossings. Therefore, an important part of pedestrian safety...
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Electron-scattering cross sections for selected alkyne molecules: Measurements and calculations
PublicationWe report cross-section results from experimental and theoretical studies on electron collisions with 1-butyne (HC≡C–CH2CH3) and acetylene (HC≡CH) molecules and from computations for a propyne (HC≡C–CH3) molecule. Absolute grand -total electron-scattering cross sections (TCSs) were measured at impact energies ranging from about 0.5 to 300 eV using the linear electron-transmission method. The TCS energy curve for 1-butyne has a...
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Effect of Base-Connection Strength and Ductility on the Seismic Performance of Steel Moment-Resisting Frames
PublicationColumn-base connections in steel moment-resisting frames (SMFs) in seismic regions are commonly designed to develop the capacity of adjoining column with an intent to develop a plastic hinge in the column member, rather than in the connection (i.e., a strong-base design). Recent research has shown base connections to possess high ductility, indicating that this practice may be not only expensive but also unnecessary. This suggests...
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Discussion of Derivability of Local Residual Stress Level from Magnetic Stray Field Measurement
PublicationThe NDT procedure dubbed ‘metal magnetic memory’ method and the related ISO 24497 standard has found wide industrial acceptance in some countries, mainly in Russia and China. The method has been claimed by some researchers (Roskosz and Bieniek in NDT&E Int 45:55–62, 2012; Wilson et al. in Sens Actuators A 135:381–387, 2007) as having potential for quantitative determination of local residual stress state in engineering structures,...
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The increased level of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP3A4 affects the cellular response in CHO cells upon antitumor imidazoacridinone C-1311 treatment
PublicationPochodna C-1311 to potencjalny związek przeciwnowotworowy, który dotarł do II fazy badań klinicznych. Związek ten ulega metabolicznej transformacji pod wpływem szczurzych i ludzkich białek mikrosomalnych. Wykazano, że białka cytochromu P450 odpowiadają za przemiany metaboliczne C-1311 jedynie w niewielkim stopniu. Z drugiej strony wykazano, że pochodna C-1311 jest inhibitorem białek cytochromu P450, zwłaszcza izoenzymu CYP1A2...
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Badanie właściwości wybranych przekładników prądowych przy prądzie różnicowym o podwyższonej częstotliwości
PublicationJednym z podstawowych elementów wyłącznika różnicowoprądowego jest przekładnik prądowy. Dla zapewnienia skutecznej ochrony przeciwporażeniowej konieczna jest transformacja prądu różnicowego umożliwiająca zadziałanie wyzwalacza znajdującego się w obwodzie wtórnym przekładnika. W przypadku niektórych rdzeni przekładników wraz ze wzrostem częstotliwości prądu pętla histerezy znacznie się poszerza, co uniemożliwia uzyskanie odpowiedniego...
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Charakterystyka sieciowania, statyczne i dynamiczne właściwości mechaniczne mieszanin kauczuk butadieno-styrenowy/regenerat gumowy
PublicationPrzedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zawartości regeneratu gumowego na charakterystykę procesu wulkanizacji, prowadzonego z użyciem różnych ilości przyspieszaczy, oraz na statyczne i dynamiczne właoeciwooeci mechaniczne zwulkanizowanych mieszanin kauczuku butadienowo-styrenowego i regeneratu gumowego. Regenerację miału gumowego prowadzono w wytłaczarce dwuślimakowej współbieżnej. Wzrost zawartości regeneratu gumowego (10-50 phr) w...
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Wpływ dodatku regeneratów gumowych na charakterystykę sieciowania oraz właściwości mechaniczne kauczuku butadienowo-styrenowego
PublicationPrzedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu regeneratów gumowych otrzymanych w różnych warunkach ścinania na przebieg procesu wulkanizacji oraz statyczne i dynamiczne właściwości mechaniczne wulkanizatów mieszanek kauczuku butadienowo-styrenowego i regeneratu gumowego. Regenerację miału gumowego prowadzono metodą periodyczną przy użyciu walcarki oraz metodą ciągłą z zastosowaniem wytłaczarki dwuślimakowej współbieżnej. W celu poprawy przetwórstwa...
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Chemical structure, thermal and mechanical characterization of bio-based polyurethane composites filled with microcrystalline cellulose
PublicationOver the past several decades, the interest in replacing the synthetic components used in the production of polymers and composites with their natural counteparts has been growing. Biocomposites belong to the group of materials produced with the use of renewable raw materials. There has been a recent surge of interest in the industrial applications of composites containing natural fibres reinforced with biopolymers. Biopolymers...
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Material Flow Analysis in a cooked mussel processing industry
PublicationGalicia (NW Spain) is an ideal environment for mussel culture owing to its excellent natural conditions. It is the first Spanish and European mussel producer and the second worldwide after China. More than 50% of the mussel collected in Galicia is used in the processing industry, which produces different products, as cooked mussel that is canned, frozen or used in the food industry. In this paper a methodology based on Life Cycle...
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WŁAŚCIWOŚCI ELEKTRYCZNE SZKIEŁ TLENKOWYCH ZAWIERAJĄCYCH Fe2O3
PublicationZbadano właściwości elektryczne szkieł krzemianowo – ołowiowo - żelazowych. Szkła tlenkowe zawierające jony żelaza mogą potencjalnie wykazywać przewodnictwo polaronowe. Celem niniejszej pracy było bliższe określenie zachodzącego w nich mechanizmu przewodnictwa. Wytworzono szkła o składzie dobranym na podstawie ich zakresu szklenia: (50 – 0.5x)[SiO2, PbO] - xFe2O3 gdzie x wynosił odpowiednio 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 i 25 (w % mol). Otrzymane...
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Zagospodarowanie frakcji organicznej w procesie przetwarzania metodą mokrą
PublicationCelem badań było określenie efektywności wymywania składników organicznych względem zadanych warunków prowadzenia procesu. Ługowanie biofrakcji odpadów komunalnych prowadzone jest w horyzontalnym reaktorze cylindrycznym, z bębnem perforowanym. Ustalona prędkość obrotowa bębna 50 obr./min. zapewnia kaskadowe opadanie odpadów, które umieszczone są w bębnie w worku z tworzywa sztucznego o wielkości oczka 1 mm. Podczas ługowania przenoszone...
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Determination of pharmaceuticals in fish: method optimization and occurrence in different species from Mediterranean rivers
PublicationThe multi-residue analytical method developed, based on accelerated solvent extraction, gel permeation chromatography purification and UPLC-MS/MS analysis allowed the simultaneous determination of 21 pharmaceuticals. Recoveries obtained for most of the target compounds were higher than 50%. The application of UPLC-MS/MS operating in the MRM mode, with two transitions monitored for each compound, provided good sensitivity and selectivity....
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The properties, functions and use of selenium compounds in living organisms
PublicationSelenium occurs in the environment in inorganic and organic compounds. For many years it was regarded as a toxic element, causing numerous illnesses and diseases. But research in the last 50 years has revealed a "bright side" to this element, especially as a component of selenoproteins, selenium makes a significant contribution to the health of humans and animals. The selenium content in an organism depends on its concentration...
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Combined chemical-biological treatment of effluents from soil remediation processes by surfactants solutions flushing
PublicationŚcieki powstające podczas procesu remediacji gruntu zawierają surfaktanty o wysokim stężeniu oraz oleje w postaci zemulgowanej i zsolubilizowanej lub wolnej. Do oczyszczenia takich ścieków zastosowano chemiczne utlenianie, biologiczne oczyszczanie oraz zintegrowany proces chemiczno biologiczny. Efektywność procesu oceniono na podstawie redukcji ChZT oraz zmiany stężenia surfaktantu w oczyszczanych ściekach. Chemiczne utlenienie...
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Zminiaturyzowane, planarne filtry pasmowo-przepustowe o nowej topologii
PublicationW referacie zaprezentowano proces miniaturyzacji filtru pasmowo-przepustowego, zbudowanego w oparciu o sprzężone linie mikropaskowe, polegający na zastosowaniu dwóch komplementarnych technik: (i) zmianie geometrii sprzężonych sekcji linii mikropaskowych za pomocą krzywych fraktalnych w celu skrócenia odcinków linii sprzężonych oraz zwiększeniu tłumienia w paśmie zaporowym dla częstotliwości 2f0 oraz (ii) wprowadzeniu perforacji...
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Niszczenie środowiskowe stali o wysokiej wytrzymałości przy obciążeniach statycznych i cyklicznych.
PublicationTemat referatu dotyczy słabo do tej pory rozpoznanego zjawiska jakim jest niszczenie środowiskowe stali o wysokiej wytrzymałośći. Na podstawie badań stali 17HMBVA podjęto próbę oceny jej podatności na niszczenie w środowisku wody morskiej przy polaryzaji katodowej, która powodowała nawodorowanie materiału podczas badań. Obciążenia mechaniczne badanego materiału uzyskano w oparciu o próby powolnego rozciągania oraz zmęczenia niskocyklowego....
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Octave Error Immune and Instantaneous Pitch Detection Algorithm.
PublicationCelem publikacji jest prezentacja odpornego na błędy oktawowe, bazującego na analizie widmowej algorytmu detekcji częstotliwości podstawowej. Zaproponowana metoda dobrze sobie radzi z sygnałami o dużej zawartości sygnałów harmonicznych, jak i z prawie sinusoidalnymi przebiegami. Eksperymenty przeprowadzonno na 567 dzwiękach instrumentów muzycznych. Dźwięki grane były z różnymi artykulacjami, dynamiką i reprezentowałe były w całej...
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Internal friction in pure Co and CoPt alloy during ordering
PublicationZbadano tarcie wewnętrzne, wskaźnik modułu sprężystości postaciowej i podatność magnetyczną stopu CoPt (50% at. Pt) w stanie nieuporządkowanym, uzyskanym w wyniku oziębienia, podczas wyżarzania do 850 K przy wzrostach temperatury 6K/min. i 2K/min., stosując odwróconą skręcarkę wahadłową. Zaobserwowano maksimum tarcia wewnętrznego w CoPt przy 700 K oraz w monokrysztale kobaltu w 720 K w pobliżu martenzytycznej przemiany fazowej,...
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Influence of plasmon resonance on the luminescence of titanium dioxide thin films doped with rare earth ions
PublicationIn this work the study of the optical properties of europium doped titanium dioxide thin films (TiO2:Eu) enhanced by gold plasmonic nanostructures are presented. Plasmonic platforms were manufactured by thermal annealing of thin film of Au, deposited on a Corning glass substrate. As a result of thermal treatment, gold spherical nanostructures with average dimensions of 50 nm were obtained. Luminescent TiO2:Eu film was deposited...
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A numerical and experimental analysis of multi-hole orifice in turbulent flow
PublicationIn this research study, the comprehensive metrological analysis is investigated for a 4-hole orifice with module m = 0.25 installed in the pipeline with an internal diameter of 50 mm. A detailed numerical simulation was performed for the turbulence models: k-ε-realizable and k-ω-BSL. The novelties of the research include model validation by comparing the results of numerical studies with the experiment conducted in the area of...
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Highly sensitive large strain cellulose/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposite foams: From design to performance evaluation
PublicationAerogel-based polymer composite foams are promising for large strain piezoresistive sensors, but their aerogel skeleton is partially destroyed during the foaming process, limiting their sensitivity. Herein, the thermoplastic polyurethane was synthesized on the aerogel skeleton to obtain cellulose/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposite materials foamed with the aid of supercritical carbon...
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fish - a critical review
PublicationDym wędzarniczy zawiera wśród setek składników co najmniej 100 wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych (WWA). Benzo{a}piren (BaP) jest uważany za wskaźnikowy, rakotwórczy WWA w wędzonych rybach. Współczesne procedury analityczne obejmujące ekstrakcję węglowodorów z matrycy, oczyszczenie, rozdzielenie metodą GC lub HPLC przy użyciu, odpowiednio, detektora MS albo FLD, umożliwiają oznaczenie indywidualnych WWA w wędzonych...
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Position Estimation in Corridors Along the Coupled Mode of Radiating Cables
PublicationRadiating cables are mostly used to provide radio communication in tunnels or corridors, but they can also be used to estimate the position of a mobile terminal along the cable. In this paper, a measuring receiver’s position was estimated by measuring the difference in the direct signal’s reception time, which was generated by a transmitter connected to one end of the radiating cable, and the delayed signal retransmitted from another...
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Facial emotion recognition using depth data
PublicationIn this paper an original approach is presented for facial expression and emotion recognition based only on depth channel from Microsoft Kinect sensor. The emotional user model contains nine emotions including the neutral one. The proposed recognition algorithm uses local movements detection within the face area in order to recognize actual facial expression. This approach has been validated on Facial Expressions and Emotions Database...
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A method of predicting the best conditions for large-size workpiece clamping to reduce vibration in the face milling process
PublicationThe paper presents an innovative method of solving the problem of vibration suppression during milling of large-size details. It consists in searching for the best conditions for clamping the workpiece based on a rapid modal identification of the dominant natural frequencies only and requires repetitive changes in the tightening torque of the clamping screws. Then, by estimating the minimum work of the cutting forces acting in...
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The effect of current signal filtering method on the value of cutting power while sawing wood
PublicationThe goal of this work was to investigate an effect of various signal pre-processings on the outline of the electrical power curve and its influence on the measured cutting force estimation. Two signal processing methods were selected for the needs of the experiment, including digital filter and wavelet transform. The filter used was Butterworth, 3rd order band-stop with the cut-out band from 45 Hz to 55 Hz. The second approach...
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A study of a reduction of a micro- and nanometric bismuth oxide in hydrogen atmosphere
PublicationA reduction of bismuth oxide in hydrogen atmosphere was investigated. The reaction was performed with a material in various structural forms: powder: with micrometric grains, powder with nanometric grains and powder pressed into pellets. The process was performed in both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. An activation energy of the reaction calculated with Friedman method was found to be about 85 kJ/mol for the reduction...
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Comparison of elastic and viscoelastic analysis of asphalt pavement at high temperature
PublicationThere are many various rheological models which are used for modeling of asphalt layers in flexible pavement structures. It can be expected that the use of various models may affect different results of mechanical pavement calculations and analysis. The paper presents comparison of the use of Burgers’ and Huet-Sayegh’s viscoelastic models and Hooke’s elastic model to calculate pavement deflections and strains at the bottom of asphalt...
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Isobutyl acetate: electronic state spectroscopy by high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption, He(I) photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations
PublicationThe high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectrum of isobutyl acetate, C6H12O2, is presented here and was measured over the energy range 4.3–10.8 eV (290–115 nm). Valence and Rydberg transitions with their associated vibronic series have been observed in the photoabsorption spectrum and are assigned in accordance with new ab initio calculations of the vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths. The measured...
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Application of lightweight cement composite with foamed glass aggregate in shell structures
PublicationThe purpose of the paper is to investigate the abilities of applying Granulated Expanded Glass Aggregate (GEGA) as a natural volume substitute of aggregate as a component of lightweight concrete. The GEGA aggregates used in the experiments were made of confused glass waste. In order to achieve satisfactory strength of concrete Granulated Ash Aggregate (GAA) was added as well. To produce specimens three grain sizes of aggregates...
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Electronic state spectroscopy by high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption, He(I) photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations of ethyl acetate
PublicationThe high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectrum of ethyl acetate, C4H8O2, is presented over the energy range 4.5−10.7 eV (275.5−116.0 nm). Valence and Rydberg transitions and their associated vibronic series observed in the photoabsorption spectrum, have been assigned in accordance with new ab initio calculations of the vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths. Also, the photoabsorption cross sections...
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Fiber optic displacement sensor with signal analysis in spectral domain
PublicationIn this paper, a study of a low-coherence fiber optic displacement sensor is presented. The sensor consisted of a broadband source whose central wavelength was either at 1310 nm or 1550 nm, a sensing Fabry-Pérot interferometer operating in reflective mode and an optical spectrum analyzer acting as the detection setup. All these components were connected by a single-mode fiber coupler. Metrological parameters of the sensor were...
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High Temperature Drying Process of Beech Wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) with Different Zones of Sapwood and Red False Heartwood
PublicationThis study examined the changes in the properties of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) after intense drying. Beech wood with false red heartwood was selected as the test specimen. The test samples had dimensions of 50 mm thickness, 180 mm width, and 350 mm length. The specimens were divided into two groups, false red heartwood and sapwood. These specimens were selected with different angles of the growth rings (radial and tangential)....
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HYDRODYNAMIC THRUST BEARINGS WITH POLYMER LINING
PublicationPolymeric linings of sliding surfaces of the hydrodynamic bearings have been used successfully for over 50 years. Despite of their long history of operation and research, they have not become wide spread in industrial applications. This fact may be surprising, considering th e conclusions that have been published concerning bearing operation and design. This paper summarizes the current...
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Optimised five-hour multiplex PCR test for the detection of Tinea ungium: performance in a routine PCR laboratory
PublicationWe recently published the development of a 5-hour multiplex PCR test for the detection of dermatophyte nail infection. We have optimized this test by inclusion of an inhibition control and evaluated the test in a routine laboratory when compared to the conventional microscopy and culture. A total of 109 clinical samples received at the mycology reference lab at Statens Serum Institute were included. The samples were divided equally...
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Conversion of waste biomass to designed and tailored activated chars with valuable properties for adsorption and electrochemical applications
PublicationWaste biomass, a renewable energy source, is inexpensive material that has great potential in sorp-tion and electrochemical application. The selected waste materials (corncobs, coconut shells, wal-nuts, and pistachio husks) allow to close the production cycle and enable material recycling, which are important aspects in the hierarchy of waste management. The proposed methodology for pro-duction and activation of biochars can be...
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Numeryczna analiza możliwości zwiększenia efektywności grzewczej pompy ciepła, poprzez modyfikację skraplacza
PublicationW niniejszej pracy określono charakterystykę prostego modelu wymiennika ciepła bazującego na skraplaczu powietrznej pompy ciepła. Jest to helikoidalny rekuperator typu rura w rurze. Zaproponowano i poddano analizie numerycznej dwie metody intensyfikacji wymiany ciepła i zestawiono wyniki z modelem porównawczym. Zastosowane rozwiązania zwiększające strumień wymienianego ciepła spowodowały wzrost odbieranego przez wodę strumienia...
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Diagnostic PCR assay for Microsporum and Trichophyton infections
PublicationWe have previously described a highly sensitive 5-hour PCR test for the rapid diagnosis of onychomycosis which detects any dermatophyte and species-identify T. rubrum from patient specimens. We have subsequently developed and evaluated new PCR tests for detection of Trichophyton and Microsporum canis/audouinii infections.58 dermatophyte isolates (21) Microsporum spp. (4 different species), 35 Trichophyton spp (10 different species)...
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Reducing Monitoring Costs in Industrially Contaminated Rivers: Cluster and Regression Analysis Approach
PublicationMonitoring contamination in river water is an expensive procedure, particularly for developing countries where pollution is a significant problem. This study was conducted to provide a pollution monitoring strategy that reduces the cost of laboratory analysis. The new monitoring strategy was designed as a result of cluster and regression analysis on field data collected from an industrially influenced river. Pollution sources in...
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Chemical, Aroma and Pro-Health Characteristics of Kaffir Lime Juice—The Approach Using Optimized HS-SPME-GC-TOFMS, MP-OES, 3D-FL and Physiochemical Analysis
PublicationThe study aimed to provide the chemical, aroma and prohealth characteristics of the kaffir lime juice. A procedure using solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography (SPME-GC-TOFMS) was optimized and validated for the determination of terpenes of kaffir lime. Main physicochemical parameters: pH, vitamin C, citric acid and °Brix were evaluated. Micro- and macro elements were determined using microwave plasma optic emission...
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Comparability of Raman Spectroscopic Configurations: A Large Scale Cross-Laboratory Study
PublicationThe variable configuration of Raman spectroscopic platforms is one of the major obstacles in establishing Raman spectroscopy as a valuable physicochemical method within real-world scenarios such as clinical diagnostics. For such real world applications like diagnostic classification, the models should ideally be usable to predict data from different setups. Whether it is done by training a rugged model with data from many setups...
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Cloning, expression, and biochemical characterization of a coldactive GDSL-esterase of a Pseudomonas sp. S9 isolated from Spitsbergen island soil
PublicationAn estS9 gene, encoding an esterase of the psychrotolerant bacterium Pseudomonas sp. S9 was cloned and sequenced. The deduced sequence revealed a protein of 636 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 69 kDa.Further amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the EstS9 enzyme contained a G-D-S-L motif centered at a catalytic serine, an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal autotransporter domain. Two recombinant E. coli...
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Highly Dissipative Materials for Damage Protection against Earthquake-Induced Structural Pounding
PublicationIt is a common situation that seismic excitations may lead to collisions between adjacent civil engineering structures. This phenomenon, called earthquake-induced structural pounding, may result in serious damage or even the total collapse of the colliding structures. Filling the gap between two buildings erected close to one another by using visco-elastic materials can be considered to be one of the most effective methods to avoid...
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Treatment of landfill leachate by constructed wetlands: three case studies
PublicationThe performance of three CW systems treating landfill leachate, two located in northern Poland (Szadółki near Gdańsk and Gatka near Miastko) and one in southern Sweden (Örebro), is discussed. The CWs differ in size, hydraulic regime, type of hydrophytic plants and type of leachate pre-treatment before discharging to the CW. The CW in Szadółki consists of two parallel beds with sub-surface, horizontal flow of leachate (HSSF) planted...
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Characterization of exceptionally thermostable single-stranded DNA-binding proteins from Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga neapolitana
PublicationBACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in SSBs because they find numerous applications in diverse molecular biology and analytical methods.RESULTS: We report the characterization of single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSBs) from the thermophilic bacteria Thermotoga maritima (TmaSSB) and Thermotoga neapolitana (TneSSB). They are the smallest known bacterial SSB proteins, consisting of 141 and 142 amino...
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Investigation of Weigh-in-Motion Measurement Accuracy on the Basis of Steering Axle Load Spectra
PublicationWeigh-in-motion systems are installed in pavements or on bridges to identify and reduce the number of overloaded vehicles and minimise their adverse eect on road infrastructure. Moreover, the collected trac data are used to obtain axle load characteristics, which are very useful in road infrastructure design. Practical application of data from weigh-in-motion has become more common recently, which calls for adequate attention to...